Fig. 3. LCR appear during late diastolic depolarization in SANC of different species.

A. Line-scan image of LCRs with superimposed spontaneous APs in rabbit SANC. White arrowheads show LCRs. The LCR period is defined as indicated. Modified from²⁷. B. local Ca²⁺ releases in cat latent pacemaker cells (from⁸, with permission). C, A line-scan image of LCRs with superimposed spontaneous APs in a mouse SANC (from²², with permission). D. Ca²⁺ sparks in toad pacemaker cells: (left) a line-scan image showing regions of localised, transient increase in fluorescence along the upper border of the toad pacemaker cell; (right) intensity map of fluorescence of a composite spark obtained by superimposing 11 sparks (from⁷, with permission). E. Confocally measured subsarcolemmal LCRs (upper panel) in rabbit SANC. The temporal average of the individual LCRs within each cycle (lower panel) generates Late Diastolic Ca²⁺ Elevation (LDCAE) that precedes Ca²⁺ transient induced by action potential. Modified from¹⁰⁴. F. Superimposed APs (red trace) and associated Ca²⁺ transients (blue trace) recorded in rabbit SANC (LDCAE are indicated by arrows) (from²⁴, with permission).