TABLE 2.
Results of Multilevel Models Examining the Relationship Between Activities of Daily Living Disabilities and Childhood Socioeconomic Position: Health and Retirement Study, United States, 1998–2006
| Model 1, b (SE) | Model 2, b (SE) | Model 3, b (SE) | Model 4, b (SE) | |
| Childhood socioeconomic position | ||||
| Mother's education, y | −0.04*** (0.00) | −0.01* (0.00) | −0.01** (0.00) | −0.02 (0.00) |
| Father's education, y | −0.06*** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.01) | −0.04** (0.01) | −0.03** (0.01) |
| Father's primary occupation | ||||
| Professional (manager or administrator; Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Craftsman | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.12) | −0.02 (0.11) | −0.07 (0.08) |
| Farmer/farm manager | 0.16*** (0.01) | −0.05*** (0.04) | −0.05*** (0.01) | −0.03* (0.01) |
| Clerical/sales worker | 0.02 (0.07) | −0.00 (0.09) | −0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| Operative (machine or transport worker) | 0.18* (0.09) | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.07) | −0.12* (0.06) |
| Service worker/laborer | 0.25*** (0.01) | 0.17*** (0.04) | 0.11*** (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) |
| Father never worked/disabled | 0.72* (0.33) | 0.51 (0.34) | 0.24 (0.41) | 0.19 (0.36) |
| Father absent/deceased | 0.43*** (0.10) | 0.21** (0.12) | 0.19** (0.07) | 0.16* (0.07) |
| Adult characteristics | ||||
| Social mobility | ||||
| Education, y | −0.09*** (0.01) | −0.07*** (0.01) | −0.06*** (0.01) | |
| Income (log transformed) | −0.17*** (0.04) | −0.20*** (0.03) | −0.19*** (0.02) | |
| Wealth (log transformed) | −0.07*** (0.00) | −0.08*** (0.00) | −0.07*** (0.00) | |
| Health behaviors | ||||
| No history of smoking (vs current smoker) | −0.30*** (0.00) | −0.22*** (0.00) | ||
| Former smoker | 0.19*** (0.00) | 0.16*** (0.00) | ||
| Drinks alcohol | −0.22*** (0.00) | −0.19*** (0.00) | ||
| Exercises 3 or more times/wk | −0.30*** (0.00) | −0.29*** (0.00) | ||
| BMI | −0.04*** (0.00) | −0.09*** (0.00) | ||
| Random effect estimates | ||||
| Within person | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
| Rate of change | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
| Initial status | 13.71 | 13.23 | 11.93 | 10.49 |
Note. BMI = body mass index (defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). The sample size was n = 18 465. Data are weighted. Respondents were interviewed at baseline (1998) and at 2-year intervals thereafter. All models adjusted for age, gender, and race, and model 4 also adjusted for pathology (heart problems, diabetes, lung disease, hypertension, and stroke).
*
P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.