TABLE 3.
Results of Multilevel Models Examining the Relationship Between Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Disabilities and Childhood Socioeconomic Position: Health and Retirement Study, United States, 1998–2006
| Model 1, b (SE) | Model 2, b (SE) | Model 3, b (SE) | Model 4, b (SE) | |
| Childhood socioeconomic position | ||||
| Mother's education, y | −0.04*** (0.00) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.02) |
| Father's education, y | −0.06*** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.00) | −0.04*** (0.00) | −0.03*** (0.01) |
| Father's primary occupation | ||||
| Professional (manager or administrator; Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Craftsman | 0.08 (0.17) | −0.06 (0.17) | −0.09 (0.18) | −0.13 (0.15) |
| Farmer/farm manager | 0.10*** (0.02) | −0.13* (0.06) | −0.12* (0.06) | −0.09** (0.03) |
| Clerical/sales worker | −0.24* (0.10) | −0.26* (0.10) | −0.23 (0.12) | −0.17 (0.11) |
| Operative (machine or transit worker) | 0.04 (0.16) | −0.13 (0.17) | −0.19 (0.13) | −0.22 (0.12) |
| Service worker/laborer | 0.12 (0.16) | 0.03 (0.18) | −0.02 (0.11) | −0.08 (0.10) |
| Father never worked/disabled | 0.44 (0.53) | 0.23 (0.51) | 0.19 (0.46) | 0.11 (0.44) |
| Father absent/deceased | 0.18 (0.17) | −0.05 (0.20) | −0.09 (0.10) | −0.11 (0.11) |
| Adult characteristics | ||||
| Social mobility | ||||
| Education, y | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.08*** (0.02) | −0.08** (0.02) | |
| Income (log transformed) | −0.19*** (0.06) | −0.23*** (0.06) | −0.22*** (0.04) | |
| Wealth (log transformed) | −0.07*** (0.01) | −0.08*** (0.01) | −0.07*** (0.01) | |
| Health behaviors | ||||
| No history of smoking (vs current smoker) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | ||
| Former smoker | 0.32*** (0.05) | 0.26*** (0.05) | ||
| Drinks alcohol | −0.14*** (0.02) | −0.46*** (0.02) | ||
| Exercises 3 or more times/wk | −0.34*** (0.00) | −0.70*** (0.03) | ||
| BMI | 0.13*** (0.02) | −0.00 (0.01) | ||
| Random effect estimates | ||||
| Within person | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
| Rate of change | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| Initial status | 24.85 | 24.32 | 21.4 | 17.26 |
Note. BMI = body mass index (defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). The sample size was n = 18 465. Data are weighted. Respondents were interviewed at baseline (1998) and at 2-year intervals thereafter. All models adjusted for age, gender, and race, and model 4 also adjusted for pathology (heart problems, diabetes, lung disease, hypertension, and stroke).
*
P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.