Table 3.
Prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of mental distress in different socioeconomic groups of men and women
| Men | Women | Both | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | (%) | OR | CI | (%) | OR | CI | (%) | OR | CI |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | NA | NA | 3.9 | Ref | |||||
| Female | NA | NA | 6.9 | 17. | 1.3–2.2 | ||||
| Age | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 0.6 | Ref | 1.9 | Ref | 1.1 | Ref | |||
| 25–34 | 1.9 | Ref | 0.4–5.6 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 1.1–10 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 1–7.8 |
| 35–44 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 0.7–11.8 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 1.7–12 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 1.6–12.3 |
| 45–60 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 1.4–15.9 | 11 | 7.6 | 2.9–19.5 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 3–18.2 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Never married | 0.3 | Ref | 3.3 | Ref | 1.7 | Ref | |||
| Previously marrieda | 12.9 | 24.1 | 4.4–131 | 15 | 1.5 | 0.6–3.8 | 14.4 | 2.4 | 1–5.9 |
| Married | 4.7 | 6.2 | 2.5–14.8 | 6.7 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.2 | 5.6 | 1.2 | 0.5–3.1 |
| Education | |||||||||
| From high school | 2.8 | Ref | 6.2 | Ref | 4.6 | Ref | |||
| To secondary school | 4.2 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.3 | 7.2 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.9 | 5.7 | 1.3 | 0.8–1.9 |
| Illiterate | 15.4 | 8.4 | 1.3–57 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 0.1–6.3 | 8.3 | 2.0 | 0.5–8.3 |
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Farmer | 4 | Ref | 7.7 | Ref | 5.7 | Ref | |||
| Government staff, student | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.3–1.6 | 5.1 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 |
| Other | 4.3 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 |
| Economic status | |||||||||
| Upper average | 3.2 | Ref | 9.4 | Ref | 6.3 | Ref | |||
| Average | 4.3 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.2 | 5.3 | 0.5 | 0.3–1.2 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 |
| Poor | 2.8 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.6 | 10 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.8 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 |
| Employment statues | |||||||||
| 7–12 months | 1.7 | Ref | 7.5 | Ref | 3.4 | Ref | |||
| 4–6 months | 4.7 | 3.4 | 1.2–10 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 0.2–5.1 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 1–4.3 |
| 1–3 months | 9.5 | 7.1 | 2.5–19.7 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 0.3–6.8 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 1.5–8.3 |
| None | 4.3 | 2.7 | 1.1–6.9 | 6.8 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.2 | 5.9 | 1.7 | 1–2.8 |
| Location | |||||||||
| Highland | 4.8 | Ref | 8.6 | Ref | 6.7 | ||||
| Mountain | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.9 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.7 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.1 |
| Riverside | 3.6 | 0.6 | 0.4–1.2 | 6.6 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.9 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 |
aPreviously married including separated, widowed, and divorced people.
Notes: Ref, reference group. The model for men: Pseudo R2 =0.13 (χ2=71.1, p<0.00001). Goodness-of-fit-test: p =0.7; Pearson χ2 =838.8. The model for women: Pseudo R2 =0.08 (χ2 =69.5, p<0.0001). Goodness-of-fit-test: p =0.4; Pearson χ2 =770.4.