Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate correlates of overall Lactobacillus isolation among HIV-1 seronegative women.
| UNIVARIATEa | MULTIVARIATEa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % of visitsb | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Demographic | |||||
| Age, years | |||||
| <25 | 20.0 | reference | reference | ||
| 25–29 | 24.2 | 0.85 | 0.69–1.05 | 0.89 | 0.72–1.11 |
| 30–34 | 24.7 | 0.78 | 0.61–1.01 | 0.86 | 0.65–1.13 |
| 35–39 | 17.0 | 0.64 | 0.48–0.86 | 0.70 | 0.52–0.94 |
| ≥40 | 14.2 | 0.49 | 0.34–0.72 | 0.55 | 0.38–0.81 |
| Education ≤8 years | 64.0 | 0.93 | 0.78–1.11 | ||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 16.3 | reference | |||
| 1 | 29.8 | 0.81 | 0.63–1.04 | ||
| ≥2 | 53.9 | 0.89 | 0.71–1.13 | ||
| Substance use | |||||
| Tobacco, cigarettes per day | |||||
| 0 | 77.6 | reference | reference | ||
| 1–9 | 13.9 | 1.27 | 1.02–1.60 | 1.15 | 0.91–1.46 |
| ≥10 | 8.5 | 1.35 | 1.01–1.80 | 1.16 | 0.87–1.56 |
| Alcohol, drinks per week | |||||
| 0 | 21.6 | reference | reference | ||
| 1–7 | 39.2 | 0.79 | 0.63–1.00 | 0.85 | 0.66–1.09 |
| >7 | 39.2 | 1.09 | 0.87–1.36 | 1.13 | 0.88–1.44 |
| Vaginal cleansing | |||||
| None | 11.5 | reference | reference | ||
| Water | 25.9 | 0.72 | 0.54–0.97 | 0.64 | 0.47–0.87 |
| Soap/other | 62.6 | 0.66 | 0.52–0.85 | 0.56 | 0.43–0.74 |
| Sexual behavior | |||||
| Number of sex partners, past week | |||||
| 0 | 40.2 | reference | |||
| 1 | 45.0 | 1.10 | 0.97–1.25 | 1.10 | 0.97–1.25 |
| >1 | 14.8 | 1.36 | 1.14–1.61 | 1.31 | 1.11–1.56 |
| Unprotected sex, past week | 20.9 | 0.99 | 0.85–1.15 | ||
| Lubrication used for sex | 20.0 | 1.05 | 0.84–1.30 | ||
| Sex during menses | 10.1 | 1.10 | 0.85–1.42 | ||
| Contraception | |||||
| None | 64.9 | reference | |||
| Oral contraceptive pill | 13.1 | 1.20 | 0.96–1.50 | ||
| Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate | 19.5 | 0.95 | 0.78–1.17 | ||
| Intrauterine device | 1.1 | 1.17 | 0.69–1.99 | ||
| Norplant | 1.4 | 1.13 | 0.58–2.20 | ||
| Concurrent genital tract infections | |||||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 2.2 | 1.16 | 0.81–1.67 | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatisc | 1.6 | 0.96 | 0.66–1.40 | ||
| Cervicitis | 5.7 | 1.24 | 0.98–1.59 | ||
| Bacterial vaginosis | 34.8 | 0.66 | 0.58–0.76 | 0.65 | 0.56–0.75 |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | 5.0 | 0.87 | 0.67–1.13 | ||
| Vaginal candidiasis | 11.3 | 1.14 | 1.00–1.32 | ||
| HSV-2 seropositive | 85.6 | 0.75 | 0.60–0.94 | 0.86 | 0.68–1.09 |
| Genital ulcer disease (on examination) | 1.1 | 0.79 | 0.48–1.31 | ||
| Antibiotic use within the past 60 days | |||||
| Metronidazole | 6.3 | 0.75 | 0.58–0.98 | 0.78 | 0.60–1.03 |
| Treatment for vaginal candidiasis | 2.4 | 1.15 | 0.82–1.62 | ||
| Any other antibiotic | 7.2 | 0.70 | 0.56–0.86 | 0.71 | 0.57–0.89 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2
a
Generalized estimating equations, adjusted for number of visits per woman.
b
The percentage of visits (of total N=8896) considered “exposed” is presented for each covariate.
c
C. trachomatis testing done for 4045 of 8896 (46%) follow-up visits (through June 1999).