Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate correlates of H2O2-producing Lactobacillus isolation among HIV-1 seronegative women.
| UNIVARIATEa | MULTIVARIATEa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % of visitsb | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Demographic | |||||
| Age, years | |||||
| <25 | 20.0 | reference | reference | ||
| 25–29 | 24.2 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.29 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.37 |
| 30–34 | 24.7 | 0.70 | 0.51–0.96 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.14 |
| 35–39 | 17.0 | 0.67 | 0.45–1.01 | 0.74 | 0.48–1.12 |
| ≥40 | 14.2 | 0.43 | 0.24–0.77 | 0.46 | 0.27–0.79 |
| Education 8 years | 64.0 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.13 | ||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 16.3 | reference | |||
| 1 | 29.8 | 0.66 | 0.46–0.94 | 0.83 | 0.58–1.18 |
| ≥2 | 53.9 | 0.77 | 0.55–1.08 | 1.20 | 0.85–1.70 |
| Substance use | |||||
| Tobacco, cigarettes per day | |||||
| 0 | 77.6 | reference | reference | ||
| 1–9 | 13.9 | 1.39 | 1.02–1.88 | 1.31 | 0.96–1.79 |
| ≥ 10 | 8.5 | 1.21 | 0.82–1.79 | 1.21 | 0.83–1.76 |
| Alcohol, drinks per week | |||||
| 0 | 21.6 | reference | reference | ||
| 1–7 | 39.2 | 0.54 | 0.39–0.75 | 0.61 | 0.43–0.87 |
| >7 | 39.2 | 0.73 | 0.53–0.99 | 0.83 | 0.60–1.14 |
| Vaginal cleansing | |||||
| None | 11.5 | reference | reference | ||
| Water | 25.9 | 0.72 | 0.48–1.11 | 0.64 | 0.41–1.01 |
| Soap/other | 62.6 | 0.65 | 0.46–0.91 | 0.58 | 0.40–0.85 |
| Sexual behavior | |||||
| Number of sex partners, past week | |||||
| 0 | 40.2 | reference | |||
| 1 | 45.0 | 1.03 | 0.85–1.26 | ||
| >1 | 14.8 | 1.14 | 0.90–1.45 | ||
| Unprotected sex, past week | 20.9 | 0.84 | 0.66–1.07 | ||
| Lubrication used for sex | 20.0 | 1.04 | 0.75–1.43 | ||
| Sex during menses | 10.1 | 0.69 | 0.44–1.09 | ||
| Contraception | |||||
| None | 64.9 | reference | |||
| Oral contraceptive pill | 13.1 | 1.10 | 0.81–1.50 | ||
| Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate | 19.5 | 1.17 | 0.90–1.51 | ||
| Intrauterine device | 1.1 | 0.86 | 0.35–2.13 | ||
| Norplant | 1.4 | 1.06 | 0.46–2.48 | ||
| Concurrent genital tract infections | |||||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 2.2 | 1.15 | 0.68–1.93 | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatisc | 1.6 | 0.75 | 0.31–1.86 | ||
| Cervicitis | 5.7 | 1.43 | 1.03–2.00 | 1.39 | 1.00–1.90 |
| Bacterial vaginosis | 34.8 | 0.60 | 0.49–0.73 | 0.62 | 0.51–0.76 |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | 5.0 | 0.60 | 0.30–0.94 | 0.62 | 0.39–1.00 |
| Vaginal candidiasis | 11.3 | 1.34 | 1.11–1.61 | 1.31 | 1.08–1.59 |
| HSV-2 seropositive | 85.6 | 0.58 | 0.43–0.77 | 0.69 | 0.51–0.93 |
| Genital ulcer disease (on examination) | 1.1 | 0.77 | 0.39–1.51 | ||
| Antibiotic use within the past 60 days | |||||
| Metronidazole | 6.3 | 0.91 | 0.66–1.27 | ||
| Treatment for vaginal candidiasis | 2.4 | 1.55 | 0.99–2.42 | 1.47 | 0.94–2.31 |
| Any other antibiotic | 7.2 | 0.70 | 0.51–0.96 | 0.68 | 0.49–0.94 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2
a
Generalized estimating equations, adjusted for number of visits per woman.
b
The percentage of visits (of total N=8896) considered “exposed” is presented for each covariate.
c
C. trachomatis testing done for 4045 of 8896 (46%) follow-up visits (through June 1999).