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An overview of the signalling pathways mediated by TNF-α in metastasis. The TNF-α induces protein stabilisation of Snail and β-catenin by inhibiting GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation through NF-κB and Akt signalling pathways. It also induces CSN2 expression through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. Together, these signalling events contribute to EMT induction and invasion in tumour cells.
