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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Jun 6;244(1):77–83. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.025

FIG. 1. Proposed mechanisms for oxidative stress-induced impairment of pancreatic beta-cells.

FIG. 1

(1) Environmental and/or dietary factors-induced oxidative stress might result in oxidative damage and directly diminish beta-cell function; (2) Oxidative stress activates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response and thus protects cells from oxidative damage; (3) Enhanced antioxidant capacity by Nrf2 activation could negatively affect glucose-derived ROS signaling that contributes to GSIS.