Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population by Payor Status
| MFFS | MMC | FFS and PPO | HMO | Self-pay | All | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=33,840) | (n=6,626) | (n=11,043) | (n=7,856) | (n=2,520) | (n=67,476) | |
| Observed outcomes | ||||||
| Length of stay (days) | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.9 |
| Discharged: home | 85 | 87*** | 97 | 97 | 97 | 90 |
| Home health care | 8 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| Skilled nursing care | 4 | 3** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Subacute hospital | 2 | 1*** | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Died in hospital | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Expected outcomes | ||||||
| Length of stay | 3.9 | 4.0*** | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Discharge home | 90 | 89** | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| In-hospital death | 0.58 | 0.63*** | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male gender | 56 | 59*** | 72 | 73 | 72 | 62 |
| Ethnicity or race: white | 85 | 71*** | 83 | 76 | 68 | 80 |
| Hispanic | 6 | 16*** | 7 | 11 | 14 | 9 |
| Black | 6 | 9*** | 6 | 8 | 11 | 7 |
| Median zipcode earnings (1999 U.S.$) | 22,047 | 23,008*** | 22,600 | 23,709 | 21,827 | 22,353 |
| Aged: 55–64 years old | 8 | 8 | 51 | 47 | 38 | 24 |
| 65–74 years | 41 | 43** | 9 | 8 | 5 | 28 |
| >75 years | 48 | 46 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 29 |
| Encounter | ||||||
| Presentation: emergent | 44 | 51*** | 53 | 51 | 64 | 49 |
| Urgent | 35 | 30*** | 30 | 34 | 25 | 33 |
| Elective | 20 | 19*** | 17 | 16 | 11 | 18 |
| Referred by: Emerg. Dept. | 47 | 55*** | 56 | 57 | 68 | 53 |
| Hospital transfer | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 14 | 12 |
| Physician | 38 | 28*** | 30 | 31 | 15 | 32 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Chronic disease count | 6.3 | 6.1*** | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.1 |
| Diabetes | 33 | 36*** | 29 | 32 | 28 | 33 |
| Hypertension | 62 | 67*** | 61 | 63 | 58 | 62 |
| COPD | 17 | 14*** | 8 | 7 | 10 | 14 |
| Liver disease | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Fluid disorder | 8 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
| Coagulopathy | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Prior neurological disease | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Prior malignancies | 10 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Procedures | ||||||
| Pacemaker inserted | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Catheterized | 85 | 90*** | 90 | 91 | 92 | 88 |
| Drug eluting stent | 85 | 89*** | 89 | 90 | 88 | 87 |
| DRG (all without AMI) | ||||||
| 517 (Stent, BMS) | 15 | 11*** | 11 | 10 | 12 | 13 |
| 527 (Stent, DES) | 46 | 43*** | 43 | 45 | 31 | 44 |
| 557 (DES, w. Maj. CV Diag.) | 23 | 28*** | 29 | 28 | 44 | 27 |
| 558 (DES, w/o Maj. CV Diag.) | 15 | 18*** | 17 | 17 | 14 | 16 |
Notes. Patient level means. Medicaid (1,842) and Medicaid MC (710 patients) suppressed. Excludes patients with<2 days stay, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) DRGs, patients of physicians performing less than 10 cases/quarter or observed less than two quarters.
BMS, bare-metal stent; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DES, drug-eluting stent; FFS, fee for service; HMO, health maintenance organization; MC, managed care; PPO, preferred provider organization.
***
p<.001
**
p<.01
*p<.05 indicate Wilcoxon's signed rank two-sided test of significance between MFFS and MMC.