NPR-1 inhibits the activity of at least AQR, PQR, URX neurons that suppress pathogen resistance by at least two mechanisms. While GCY-35, TAX-2, and TAX-4 are required for the activation of AQR, PQR and URX neurons, NPR-1 inhibits their activity. When the inhibitory function of NPR-1 is affected, AQR, PQR and URX neurons promote hyperoxia avoidance which suppresses pathogen avoidance and results in a reduced resistance to infection. Additionally, when the NPR-1-mediated inhibition of AQR, PQR and URX neurons is affected, innate immunity is suppressed.