Figure 3.

The life cycle of Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae). Drakaea livida has a highly specific relationship with a Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae) mycorrhizal fungus, which it requires for germination and annual growth. Drakaea livida is pollinated solely through sexual deception of Zaspilothynnus nigripes (Thynnidae), where it mimics the calling female. Completion of the wasp life cycle requires appropriate nectar plants, where the male feeds the female in copula, and suitable scarab beetle larvae in which the female lays her eggs. The specific nature of the orchid–pollinator relationship and the number of interacting organisms makes this one of the most highly vulnerable pollination systems in southwestern Australia. Artwork by Martin Thompson.