Table 2.
Hemodynamic and blood gas variables at rest and during graded treadmill exercise in lean and metabolic syndrome Ossabaw swine with and without penitrem A (10 μg/kg iv).
| Exercise |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rest | Level 1 | Level 2 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 101 ± 7 | 109 ± 7 | 119 ± 8* |
| Lean + penitrem A | 108 ± 8 | 107 ± 8 | 118 ± 9* |
| MetS | 108 ± 9 | 114 ± 7 | 141 ± 5*† |
| MetS + penitrem A | 109 ± 8 | 134 ± 11* | 148 ± 9* |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 64 ± 4 | 67 ± 5 | 74 ± 6 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 71 ± 5 | 68 ± 6 | 73 ± 7 |
| MetS | 70 ± 8 | 79 ± 10 | 92 ± 10*† |
| MetS + penitrem A | 73 ± 6 | 90 ± 8* | 97 ± 8* |
| Mean aortic pressure, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 84 ± 5 | 88 ± 6 | 97 ± 6 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 90 ± 6 | 88 ± 7 | 96 ± 7 |
| MetS | 90 ± 8 | 97 ± 8 | 117 ± 7*† |
| MetS + penitrem A | 92 ± 7 | 112 ± 9* | 122 ± 8* |
| Heart rate, beats/min | |||
| Lean | 105 ± 7 | 169 ± 14* | 207 ± 10* |
| Lean + penitrem A | 113 ± 8 | 178 ± 6* | 218 ± 9* |
| MetS | 118 ± 9 | 178 ± 11* | 212 ± 18* |
| MetS + penitrem A | 120 ± 8 | 187 ± 14* | 204 ± 17* |
| Coronary blood flow, ml·min−1·g−1 | |||
| Lean | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 1.40 ± 0.20* | 1.77 ± 0.19* |
| Lean + penitrem A | 0.92 ± 0.13 | 1.42 ± 0.19* | 1.96 ± 0.26* |
| MetS | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 1.58 ± 0.15* | 1.84 ± 0.10* |
| MetS + penitrem A | 1.06 ± 0.11 | 1.83 ± 0.27* | 2.17 ± 0.35* |
| Coronary conductance, μl·min−1·g−1·mmHg−1 | |||
| Lean | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 16.1 ± 2.4* | 18.5 ± 1.9* |
| Lean + penitrem A | 9.9 ± 1.0 | 16.2 ± 2.1* | 20.4 ± 2.2* |
| MetS | 11.1 ± 1.3 | 16.8 ± 1.9* | 15.8 ± 1.5* |
| MetS + penitrem A | 11.6 ± 1.4 | 16.7 ± 2.2* | 17.8 ± 2.7* |
| Myocardial O2 consumption, μl O2·min−1·g−1 | |||
| Lean | 103 ± 12 | 192 ± 39* | 240 ± 34* |
| Lean + penitrem A | 107 ± 23 | 182 ± 32* | 257 ± 42* |
| MetS | 108 ± 8 | 213 ± 31* | 253 ± 16* |
| MetS + penitrem A | 122 ± 10 | 243 ± 36* | 281 ± 45* |
| Arterial pH | |||
| Lean | 7.55 ± 0.02 | 7.54 ± 0.01 | 7.55 ± 0.02 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 7.54 ± 0.01 | 7.52 ± 0.03 | 7.53 ± 0.02 |
| MetS | 7.53 ± 0.01 | 7.57 ± 0.02 | 7.54 ± 0.03 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 7.55 ± 0.01 | 7.55 ± 0.04 | 7.50 ± 0.05 |
| Coronary venous pH | |||
| Lean | 7.48 ± 0.01 | 7.47 ± 0.01 | 7.46 ± 0.01 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 7.47 ± 0.01 | 7.46 ± 0.01 | 7.45 ± 0.01 |
| MetS | 7.48 ± 0.02 | 7.47 ± 0.02 | 7.45 ± 0.02 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 7.48 ± 0.02 | 7.48 ± 0.02 | 7.44 ± 0.02 |
| Arterial Pco2, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 34 ± 1 | 33 ± 1 | 33 ± 1 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 34 ± 1 | 34 ± 1 | 33 ± 1 |
| MetS | 35 ± 1 | 30 ± 1* | 30 ± 2* |
| MetS + penitrem A | 31 ± 1 | 32 ± 2 | 30 ± 2 |
| Coronary venous Pco2, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 45 ± 2 | 46 ± 2 | 46 ± 2 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 47 ± 2 | 46 ± 2 | 48 ± 2 |
| MetS | 43 ± 2 | 42 ± 2 | 43 ± 2 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 41 ± 2 | 42 ± 2 | 43 ± 2 |
| Arterial Po2, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 89 ± 3 | 83 ± 3 | 84 ± 4 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 89 ± 4 | 84 ± 3 | 77 ± 3 |
| MetS | 83 ± 1 | 94 ± 2*† | 85 ± 4 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 90 ± 3 | 80 ± 3 | 82 ± 4 |
| Coronary venous Po2, mmHg | |||
| Lean | 16 ± 0.8 | 15 ± 0.8 | 15 ± 0.8 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 18 ± 0.8 | 16 ± 0.8 | 15 ± 0.8* |
| MetS | 13 ± 0.9† | 12 ± 1.0† | 13 ± 1.0 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 13 ± 0.9 | 14 ± 0.9 | 15 ± 0.9 |
| Coronary venous O2 saturation, % | |||
| Lean | 19 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 19 ± 2 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 24 ± 2† | 20 ± 2* | 17 ± 2* |
| MetS | 15 ± 2† | 15 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 16 ± 2 | 17 ± 2 | 18 ± 2 |
| Arterial hematocrit, % | |||
| Lean | 32 ± 2 | 37 ± 3 | 37 ± 2 |
| Lean + penitrem A | 33 ± 3 | 35 ± 3 | 37 ± 3 |
| MetS | 31 ± 3 | 35 ± 2 | 34 ± 1 |
| MetS + penitrem A | 30 ± 2 | 33 ± 3 | 34 ± 1 |
Values are means ± SE for lean (n = 6) and MetS (n = 5) swine.
*
P < 0.05 vs. respective baseline (rest)
†
and vs. lean same level.