Table 1. Previous findings on factors that influence national vaccine decision-making.

Author	Important Variables	Methods	Vaccine
Widdus (1999) [31]	• Local burden of disease and vaccine effectiveness studies• Cost-effectiveness studies• Cost reduction and knowledge sharing platforms for poorer countries• International recommendations• Private sector use• Social/behavioral research to understand local barriers to acceptance• Advocacy for economic benefit of vaccine• Emerging market technology licensing• Coordinating approval process of vaccines in all countries• Donor financing	Conceptual framework of suggested actions to accelerate vaccine introduction in low-income countries	New vaccines
Wenger et al. (2000) [11]	• Published burden of disease and effectiveness studies• Local experience with vaccine• Support from pediatrician association• Price• Public interest (political will)• Surveillance data	Case study of four early adopting, nonindustrialized countries	Hib
Miller and Flanders (2000) [9]	• DTP3 coverage• GDP per capita• Vaccine cost (price per dose)• Treatment cost per unit• Years of life lost• Years of life lost• Treatment cost prevented• Years of life saved	Univariate logistic analysis	HBV
Gauri and Khaleghian (2002) [15]	• Democracy score• GDP per capita• DTP3 coverage• Presence of UNICEF financing• PAHO revolving fund membership• Institutional quality score	Longitudinal multivariable analysis	HBV
DeRoeck et al. (2005) [12]	• Burden of disease studies• Cost-effectiveness studies• Vaccine price• Vaccine safety and immunogenicity• Feasibility of local production• WHO recommendation• Ease of inclusion in current EPI	Qualitative interviews with country-level policy makers and immunization professionals	Cholera, typhoid fever, shigellosis
Munira and Fritzen (2007) [13]	• External pressures and advocacy• Burden of disease studies• Scientific support on benefit of vaccine• Feasibility of adoption into current EPI• Local vaccine pilot studies	Case studies of two early adopting countries (Taiwan, Thailand)	HBV
Rossi et al. (2007) [14]	• Geographical region• DTP3 coverage• Previous introduction of HBV• GNI per capita	Cross-sectional, descriptive comparison	Hib
Danovaro-Holliday et al. (2008) [10]	• Political will• Burden of disease and impact studies• “Experience exchange” between countries• PAHO Revolving Fund membership	Descriptive analysis and case studies from the Americas	Hib

Studies were identified by searching for keyword combinations of “Hib,” “new vaccine,” or “immunization” and “policy,” “adoption,” or “government factors” in PubMed, SCOPUS, PAIS International, EconLit, and WorldCat. Additional articles were identified by reviewing references of retrieved studies.