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Modification of adenovirus (Ad) to achieve coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR)-independent transduction. To achieve CAR-independent transduction, several modification strategies have been employed in Ad. (a) Poor infectivity of CAR negative cells with conventional Ad system, (b) fiber modification, (c) switching serotypes, (d) chimeric, (e) mosaic, and (f) bridging molecule-based targeting (see detail in text).
