Table 1.

A table demonstrating wide variability in different authors’ definition of clinical evidence of a complete ligamentous tear

Study	Collateral ligament	Position of thumb	Diagnosis of injury
Frank and Dobyns [5]	UCL and RCL	Not stated	For UCL: >45° For RCL: >30° for men, >25° for women and children
Smith [25]	UCL and RCL	Full flexion and extension	>45° than the normal side
Bowers [52]	UCL	25° flexion and extension	>20° absolute or >10° than the normal side
Palmer and Louis [53]	UCL	Full flexion	>35° absolute
Louis et al. [22]	UCL	Full flexion	>35° absolute
Derkash et al. [54]	UCL	Not stated	>45° than the normal side
Hintermann et al. [23]	UCL	Full flexion	>30° absolute
Musharafieh et al. [55]	UCL	30° flexion and extension	>30° than the normal side