Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants (n = 237)
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) or % |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 53.7 (13.2) |
| Women | 66.2 |
| Race | |
| White | 66.2 |
| Black | 29.1 |
| Other | 4.6 |
| Education beyond high school | 42.2 |
| Insurance | |
| None | 21.9 |
| Public only | 35.0 |
| Private, any | 43.0 |
| Depression | 31.7 |
| Anxiety | 42.6 |
| Number of medical comorbiditiesa | 2.0 (1.5) |
| Chronic pain | 74.2 |
| Pain chief complaint | 40.1 |
| BPI severity, mean (SD) | 5.4 (2.3) |
| More than one pain site | 73.8 |
| Opioid use | 31.2 |
| Pain clinic attendance | 14.8 |
aFrom a list of ten common chronic conditions (arthritis, asthma/chronic lung disease, cancer, coronary artery disease, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, liver disease, kidney disease, and stroke)