TABLE 4.
Relationship of Acute Clinical Features to PCS Trajectories
| PCS Trajectory | Group |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OI (Reference) |
Mild TBI |
|||||||||
| Feature Not Displayed |
Feature Displayed |
|||||||||
| n | % | n | % | OR | 95% CI | n | % | OR | 95% CI | |
| LOC (overall χ2 = 20.71; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 73 | 65 | — | — | 44 | 61 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 1.15 | 0.50–2.62 | 8 | 11 | 1.19 | 0.56–2.53 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 16 | 14 | 3.44 | 1.19–9.95 | 12 | 17 | 3.82 | 1.40–10.45 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 9 | 8 | 10.81 | 1.32–88.77 | 8 | 11 | 13.68 | 1.75–106.74 |
| MRI abnormal (overall χ2 = 20.34; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 94 | 64 | — | — | 20 | 63 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 17 | 12 | 1.14 | 0.52–2.53 | 4 | 13 | 1.47 | 0.41–5.23 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 23 | 16 | 3.99 | 1.43–11.14 | 5 | 16 | 3.93 | 1.00–15.39 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 14 | 10 | 14.36 | 1.81–114.28 | 3 | 9 | 15.33 | 1.44–163.18 |
| GCS <15 (overall χ2 = 26.34; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 105 | 66 | — | — | 12 | 50 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 19 | 12 | 1.13 | 0.52–2.45 | 3 | 13 | 1.80 | 0.42–7.65 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 20 | 13 | 3.03 | 1.07–8.53 | 8 | 33 | 12.62 | 3.35–47.47 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 16 | 10 | 13.85 | 1.77–108.25 | 1 | 4 | 9.56 | 0.53–173.17 |
| Associated injury (overall χ2 = 21.02; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 87 | 63 | — | — | 30 | 65 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 18 | 13 | 1.30 | 0.59–2.85 | 4 | 9 | 0.87 | 0.26–2.95 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 22 | 16 | 3.98 | 1.42–11.13 | 6 | 13 | 3.32 | 0.92–11.95 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 11.60 | 1.44–93.56 | 6 | 13 | 20.54 | 2.29–184.05 |
| PTA (overall χ2 = 24.69; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 84 | 67 | — | — | 33 | 56 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 1.01 | 0.44–2.30 | 8 | 14 | 1.73 | 0.64–4.67 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 14 | 11 | 2.68 | 0.91–7.86 | 14 | 24 | 6.82 | 2.23–20.88 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 13 | 10 | 14.15 | 1.78–112.56 | 4 | 7 | 11.91 | 1.24–114.04 |
| Vomiting (overall χ2 = 32.86; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 57 | 56 | — | — | 60 | 73 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 1.53 | 0.63–3.71 | 10 | 12 | 0.94 | 0.38–3.27 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 23 | 23 | 7.36 | 2.54–21.36 | 5 | 6 | 1.28 | 0.35–4.67 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 20.56 | 2.45–172.47 | 7 | 9 | 9.33 | 1.10–79.09 |
| Nausea (overall χ2 = 27.95; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 69 | 64 | — | — | 48 | 63 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 9 | 8 | 0.67 | 0.33–2.05 | 13 | 17 | 1.74 | 0.73–4.13 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 22 | 20 | 5.15 | 1.83–14.54 | 6 | 8 | 1.96 | 0.56–6.87 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 11.09 | 1.33–92.86 | 9 | 12 | 17.24 | 2.08–143.10 |
| Headache (overall χ2 = 19.86; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 30 | 68 | — | — | 87 | 62 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 0.84 | 0.25–2.82 | 18 | 13 | 1.32 | 0.60–2.89 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 6 | 14 | 3.24 | 0.91–11.54 | 22 | 16 | 4.02 | 1.44–11.26 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 13 | 9 | 12.49 | 1.31–119.62 | 13 | 9 | 14.07 | 1.77–112.06 |
| Diplopia (overall χ2 = 198.46; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 103 | 64 | — | — | 14 | 64 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 20 | 12 | 1.23 | 0.57–2.65 | 2 | 9 | 0.92 | 0.18–4.64 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 24 | 15 | 3.72 | 1.34–10.31 | 4 | 18 | 4.58 | 1.08–19.49 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 15 | 9 | 13.64 | 1.73–107.36 | 2 | 9 | 13.95 | 1.14–170.22 |
| Dizziness (overall χ2 = 20.32; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 89 | 65 | — | — | 28 | 58 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 16 | 12 | 1.13 | 0.51–2.52 | 6 | 13 | 1.40 | 0.48–4.13 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 19 | 14 | 3.40 | 1.20–9.64 | 9 | 19 | 5.22 | 1.58–17.20 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 12 | 9 | 12.29 | 1.54–98.35 | 5 | 10 | 18.74 | 2.02–173.69 |
| Disorientation (overall χ2 = 29.55; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 111 | 67 | — | — | 6 | 33 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 20 | 12 | 1.13 | 0.52–2.42 | 2 | 11 | 2.67 | 0.47–15.30 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 21 | 13 | 3.06 | 1.10–8.58 | 7 | 39 | 19.84 | 4.62–85.13 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 14 | 8 | 11.85 | 1.50–93.64 | 3 | 17 | 59.47 | 4.97–711.60 |
| Other mental status changes (overall χ2 = 22.43; P < .001) | ||||||||||
| No PCSs | 76 | 79 | 82 | 67 | — | — | 35 | 57 | — | — |
| Moderate persistent PCSs | 14 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 1.25 | 0.56–2.80 | 6 | 10 | 1.08 | 0.37–3.10 |
| High acute/resolved PCSs | 5 | 5 | 15 | 12 | 2.94 | 1.01–8.55 | 13 | 21 | 5.87 | 1.92–17.94 |
| High acute/persistent PCSs | 1 | 1 | 10 | 8 | 11.64 | 1.43–94.92 | 7 | 12 | 18.06 | 2.10–155.45 |
PTA indicates persistent posttraumatic amnesia. For the analysis of each clinical feature, the mild TBI group was divided into those who did and did not display the feature. The multinomial logistic regression analyses examined the odds of belonging to trajectory groups 2, 3, and 4 compared with group 1, for the TBI groups relative to the OI group.