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Limitations of topical and systemic drug administration.
| Topical | Systemic |
|---|---|
| Lacrimation | Blood–retinal barrier |
| Impermeability of corneal epithelium and endothelium |
RPE efflux pumps: P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein |
| Aqueous production | Higher therapeutic index |
| Blood flow | Increased drug accumulation throughout other body tissues |
| Stromal tissues of cornea and sclera |
RPE: Retinal pigment epithelium.
Data from [18].
