Monocytes were incubated with either p38 MAPK inhibitors (SB-203580 or SB-239063), NF-κB inhibitors (MG132, QNZ, or IKK-NBD), or negative control for NF-κB inhibitor (IKK-Control) in combination with E. coli. (A) TL1A mRNA was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and expressed as relative expression. (B) Cells were stained for surface TL1A expression and analyzed by flow cytometry. (C) TL1A in supernatants was quantified by ELISA. Data shown are means ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. *, p<0.05. **, p<0.001.