Table 2.
Comparing the demented, depressive and epileptic persons with Down syndrome with the healthy persons with Down syndrome
| Healthy controls | All Down syndrome | Healthy Down syndrome | Demented Down syndrome | Depressive Down syndrome | Epileptic Down syndrome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 48 | n = 401 | n = 130 | n = 84 | n = 38 | n = 34 | |
| Citrulline (μM) | 34.23 (8.8) | 44.95 (13.6)a | 45.89 (13.2) | 46.90 (13.9) | 45.42 (13.5) | 44.50 (12.7) |
| Arginine (μM) | 68.02 (24.3) | 74.27(21.8) | 74.49 (21.1) | 75.26 (19.5) | 79.89 (30.2) | 78.18 (19.1) |
| Taurine (μM) | 42.88 (7.6) | 52.52 (13.0)a | 51.28 (12.0) | 55.39 (12.3)b | 55.00(14.8) | 54.00 (12.8) |
| Tyrosine (μM) | 71.04 (17.3) | 61.77 (16.1)a | 61.00 (15.2) | 64.02 (15.5) | 63.00 (17.1) | 63.35 (18.5) |
| Valine (μM) | 286.21 (59.7) | 232.48 (60.1)a | 231.76 (60.6) | 242.38 (60.4) | 230.89 (54.9) | 235.65 (50.3) |
| Methionine (μM) | 32.04 (6.4) | 24.98 (6.2)a | 24.99 (5.4) | 25.94 (7.2) | 25.45 (6.3) | 25.35 (6.5) |
| Tryptophan (μM) | 50.38 (9.1) | 41.70 (10.2)a | 42.83 (9.4) | 42.89 (9.3) | 44.29 (10.1) | 39.79 (9.8) |
| Phenylanaline (μM) | 63.06 (9.9) | 60.15 (14.1) | 58.68 (12.7) | 62.50 (13.1)b | 62.53 (13.6)b | 60.74 (14.9) |
| Isoleucine (μM) | 82.69 (24.1) | 64.13 (17.5)a | 63.87 (17.0) | 66.31 (18.0) | 63.58 (17.7) | 66.65 (14.0) |
| Leucine (μM) | 148.48 (31.8) | 125.06 (29.3)a | 125.97 (28.5) | 127.55 (29.2) | 127.13 (30.3) | 126.47 (23.7) |
| Tryptophan ratio | 7.89 (1.5) | 7.81 (1.5) | 8.07 (1.4) | 7.77 (1.4) | 8.26 (1.5) | 7.23 (1.4)b |
| Tyrosine ratio | 11.33 (2.1) | 11.98 (2.5) | 11.82 (2.4) | 12.01 (2.6) | 12.03 (2.4) | 12.12 (3.1) |
| Phe/Tyr | 0.91 (0.1) | 0.99 (0.2)a | 0.98 (0.1) | 0.99 (0.1) | 1.02 (0.2) | 0.98 (0.2) |
| Cit/Arg | 0.55 (0.2) | 0.63 (0.2)a | 0.64 (0.2) | 0.63 (0.2) | 0.62 (0.3) | 0.59 (0.2) |
| Neopterin (nM) | 17.3 (3.6) | 25.18 (11.0)a | 23.40 (8.7) | 26.35 (12.2)b | 24.03 (14.9) | 24.22 (11.5) |
| BCAA | 517.37 (111.2) | 421.67 (104.3)a | 421.60 (103.8) | 436.24 (104.7) | 421.60 (103.8) | 428.76 (84.9) |
| AAA | 184.48 (30.2) | 163.61 (36.3)a | 162.51 (34.1) | 169.42 (34.6) | 169.81 (36.6) | 163.88 (37.2) |
| LNAA | 701.85 (135.2) | 528.28 (133.8)a | 584.11 (131.6) | 605.65 (130.0) | 591.42 (131.5) | 592.64 (114.5) |
Values are mean (standard deviation)
Tryptophan ratio tryptophan/LNAA ratio, tyrosine ratio tyrosine/LNAA ratio, Phe/Tyr phenylanaline/tyrosine ratio, Cit/Arg citrulline/arginine ratio, BCAA summed concentration of Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine μM/l, AAA summed concentration of phenylanaline, tyrosine, tryptophan μM/l, LNAA large neutral amino acids: summed concentration of phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, leucine and isoleucine μM/l
aMann–Whitney U-test, P < 0.05 healthy controls compared with the total group of persons with Down syndrome
bMann–Whitney U-test, P < 0.05 compared with the group of healthy persons with Down syndrome