Table 2.
Univariate Associations of Temperament, Family and School at T1 with Being a Non-, Minor, or Serious Delinquent at T2 (Overall χ2, Marginal Effects (S.E.)), N = 2,085
| Variable | Overall χ2 | p | Marginal effects (S.E.) | Effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-delinquents | Minor delinquents | Serious delinquents | ||||
| Temperament | ||||||
| Effortful controla | ||||||
| Low | 29.43 | <0.01 | −3.4 (2.3) | −2.2 (2.5) | 5.6 (1.8)*** | Risk |
| High | 6.3 (2.5)*** | −3.2 (2.7) | −3.1 (1.6)* | Promotive | ||
| Shynessa | ||||||
| Low | 17.55 | <0.01 | −0.2 (2.5) | −1.5 (2.8) | 1.7 (1.8) | – |
| High | 8.2 (2.5)*** | −6.1 (2.8)** | −2.0 (1.8) | Promotive | ||
| Surgencya | ||||||
| Low | 38.35 | <0.01 | 6.5 (2.4)*** | −1.7 (2.6) | −4.8 (1.4)*** | Promotive |
| High | −4.2 (2.4)* | 0.7 (2.7) | 3.5 (1.7)** | Risk | ||
| Frustrationa | ||||||
| Low | 23.53 | <0.01 | 3.3 (2.4) | −1.1 (2.6) | −2.2 (1.7) | – |
| High | −4.3 (2.4)* | −2.0 (2.8) | 6.4 (2.1)*** | Risk | ||
| Family environment | ||||||
| Emotional warmthb | ||||||
| Low | 11.02 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
| High | – | – | – | – | ||
| Overprotectionb | ||||||
| Low | 19.59 | <0.01 | 8.0 (2.5)*** | −3.5 (2.7) | −4.5 (1.4)*** | Promotive |
| High | 1.5 (2.3) | −2.8 (2.5) | 1.4 (1.5) | – | ||
| Rejectionb | ||||||
| Low | 26.58 | <0.01 | 4.0 (2.2)* | −3.2 (2.5) | −0.7 (1.6) | Promotive |
| High | −8.6 (2.1)*** | 6.0 (2.5)*** | 2.6 (1.8) | Risk | ||
| Family functioninga | ||||||
| Healthy | 16.32 | <0.01 | 7.6 (2.4)*** | −5.5 (2.8)** | −2.1 (1.8) | Promotive |
| Dysfunctional | −2.8 (2.5) | −0.6 (3.0) | 3.4 (2.1)* | Risk | ||
| Parental stressa | ||||||
| Low | 38.93 | <0.01 | 5.4 (2.2)*** | −2.8 (2.5) | −2.7 (1.6)* | Promotive |
| High | −7.0 (2.3)*** | 1.8 (2.7) | 5.2 (1.9)*** | Risk | ||
| School environment | ||||||
| Academic performancec | ||||||
| Low | 35.82 | <0.01 | −6.1 (2.2)*** | 1.8 (2.5) | 4.3 (1.7)*** | Risk |
| High | 1.4 (2.4) | 3.5 (2.6) | −4.9 (1.5)*** | Promotive | ||
| Social wellbeing teacherb | ||||||
| Low | 27.46 | <0.01 | −6.0 (2.2)*** | −0.8 (2.7) | 6.9 (2.0)*** | Risk |
| High | 1.7 (2.2) | −0.3 (2.5) | −1.4 (1.6) | – | ||
| Social well-being classmatesb | ||||||
| Low | 11.1 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
| High | – | – | – | – | ||
The overall χ2 is calculated for each variable separately
aParent report
bChild report
cTeacher report
*p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01 (two-tailed)