Phloem and xylem sap samples were obtained from Brassica napus grown in hydroponic cultures.
(a) Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions. After 9 weeks plants were exposed to 75 µm CdSO4 in the hydroponic solution for 1 day, 1 week or 2 weeks before phloem and xylem sap sampling.
(b) Sugar content in phloem sap samples was measured enzymatically to assess the purity of the sap. The ratio of [reducing sugars]/[total sugars] obtained from these concentrations was 1.8%, showing highly pure phloem sap. Values shown are means ± SE (n = 5).