Figure 2.

(a) The effect of the food quality treatment on maternal faecal androgen levels during egg laying (linear mixed model; clutch number nested within female identity was a random factor; n=19 in the high food quality treatment group, 10 in the low food quality treatment group). (b) The downstream effect of the maternal food quality treatment during egg laying on nestling faecal androgen levels. Offspring were cross-fostered before hatching and reared under uniform conditions of food quality (linear mixed model; clutch number nested within female identity was a random factor; n=95 chicks from the 18 successful nests in the high food quality treatment group and 6 successful nests in the low food quality treatment group). Predicted means and standard errors after controlling for random factors are shown.