Table 1.

Linear mixed effects model examining the prenatal link between provisioning levels (measured as mean growth rate of the foster brood parents reared) and mean focal brood begging intensity when reared by foster parents. (Focal brood growth rate was left in the model to control for the effect of foster parental provisioning rates on focal brood begging levels; removing this term makes little qualitative difference to the results. n=26 dyads, from 52 broods. Time (40 or 80 min after food deprivation) was a repeated measure and dyad was a random factor. The mean of both begging and growth was used for each brood. The p values are type III and are italicized when p<0.05.)

dependent=mean focal brood begging	B	d.f.	F	p-value
(a) minimal model
log growth rate of foster brood in focal nest (focal parental provisioning levels)	13.23	1,32.89	4.62	0.039
log growth rate of focal brood in foster nest (control for foster parental provisioning levels)	−0.13	1,32.89	<0.001	0.98