Table 3.
Meat-related compounds and colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (n=300,948)
| Colorectal cancer (n=2,719) |
Colon cancer (n=1,995) |
Rectal Cancer (n=724) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | HR* (95% CI) | Cases | HR* (95% CI) | Cases | HR* (95% CI) | |
| Total† iron (median, mg/day) | ||||||
| Q1 (10.8) | 646 | Ref | 483 | Ref | 163 | Ref |
| Q2 (14.8) | 578 | 0.91 (0.81-1.02) | 425 | 0.89 (0.78-1.02) | 153 | 0.96 (0.77-1.21) |
| Q3 (21.5) | 539 | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 387 | 0.85 (0.74-0.97) | 152 | 0.99 (0.79-1.24) |
| Q4 (30.6) | 496 | 0.81 (0.72-0.91) | 368 | 0.80 (0.70-0.92) | 128 | 0.85 (0.67-1.07) |
| Q5 (36.1) | 460 | 0.75 (0.66-0.86) | 332 | 0.73 (0.62-0.84) | 128 | 0.84 (0.65-1.08) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.070 | |||
| Dietary iron (median, mg/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (5.9) | 677 | Ref | 483 | Ref | 194 | Ref |
| Q2 (7.2) | 537 | 0.82 (0.73-0.92) | 397 | 0.84 (0.73-0.96) | 140 | 0.76 (0.60-0.95) |
| Q3 (8.2) | 518 | 0.80 (0.70-0.90) | 390 | 0.84 (0.72-0.96) | 128 | 0.70 (0.55-0.88) |
| Q4 (9.3) | 509 | 0.79 (0.69-0.90) | 374 | 0.81 (0.70-0.94) | 135 | 0.73 (0.57-0.93) |
| Q5 (11.4) | 478 | 0.75 (0.65-0.87) | 351 | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) | 127 | 0.68 (0.52-0.90) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.017 | |||
| Heme iron (median, μg/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (48.1) | 468 | Ref | 347 | Ref | 121 | Ref |
| Q2 (100.9) | 508 | 1.00 (0.88-1.13) | 378 | 0.99 (0.86-1.15) | 130 | 1.01 (0.79-1.30) |
| Q3 (150.3) | 538 | 1.02 (0.90-1.16) | 397 | 1.01 (0.87-1.17) | 141 | 1.06 (0.82-1.36) |
| Q4 (212.6) | 577 | 1.07 (0.94-1.21) | 421 | 1.04 (0.90-1.21) | 156 | 1.13 (0.88-1.45) |
| Q5 (335.8) | 628 | 1.13 (0.99-1.29) | 452 | 1.10 (0.94-1.28) | 176 | 1.24 (0.96-1.60) |
| p-trend | 0.022 | 0.138 | 0.049 | |||
| Nitrate from processed meats (median, μg/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (23.9) | 451 | Ref | 341 | Ref | 110 | Ref |
| Q2 (65.3) | 470 | 0.96 (0.85-1.10) | 344 | 0.93 (0.80-1.08) | 126 | 1.08 (0.83-1.40) |
| Q3 (109.6) | 530 | 1.04 (0.91-1.18) | 386 | 0.99 (0.86-1.16) | 144 | 1.18 (0.91-1.52) |
| Q4 (169.2) | 609 | 1.13 (1.00-1.29) | 439 | 1.08 (0.93-1.25) | 170 | 1.31 (1.01-1.68) |
| Q5 (289.2) | 659 | 1.16 (1.02-1.32) | 485 | 1.13 (0.97-1.32) | 174 | 1.26 (0.97-1.63) |
| p-trend | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.066 | |||
| Nitrite from processed meats (median, μg/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (11.9) | 457 | Ref | 344 | Ref | 113 | Ref |
| Q2 (33.7) | 488 | 0.99 (0.87-1.12) | 359 | 0.96 (0.83-1.12) | 129 | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) |
| Q3 (59.7) | 554 | 1.07 (0.94-1.21) | 397 | 1.01 (0.88-1.18) | 157 | 1.23 (0.96-1.58) |
| Q4 (99.9) | 603 | 1.12 (0.98-1.27) | 441 | 1.09 (0.94-1.26) | 162 | 1.21 (0.94-1.55) |
| Q5 (194.1) | 617 | 1.11 (0.97-1.25) | 454 | 1.09 (0.94-1.26) | 163 | 1.16 (0.90-1.50) |
| p-trend | 0.055 | 0.089 | 0.369 | |||
| PhIP (median, ng/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (2.1) | 512 | Ref | 382 | Ref | 130 | Ref |
| Q2 (10.9) | 498 | 0.90 (0.79-1.02) | 357 | 0.87 (0.75-1.00) | 141 | 1.00 (0.78-1.27) |
| Q3 (24.7) | 560 | 0.99 (0.87-1.12) | 402 | 0.96 (0.83-1.10) | 158 | 1.08 (0.85-1.36) |
| Q4 (49.4) | 591 | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | 434 | 1.03 (0.90-1.19) | 157 | 1.06 (0.83-1.34) |
| Q5 (123.6) | 558 | 0.99 (0.87-1.12) | 420 | 1.01 (0.87-1.16) | 138 | 0.94 (0.73-1.20) |
| p-trend | 0.507 | 0.212 | 0.440 | |||
| MeIQx (median, ng/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (0.5) | 482 | Ref | 346 | Ref | 136 | Ref |
| Q2 (2.4) | 506 | 1.01 (0.89-1.15) | 370 | 1.03 (0.89-1.20) | 136 | 0.96 (0.76-1.22) |
| Q3 (5.3) | 512 | 0.99 (0.88-1.13) | 365 | 0.99 (0.85-1.15) | 147 | 1.00 (0.79-1.27) |
| Q4 (10.3) | 571 | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | 427 | 1.13 (0.98-1.31) | 144 | 0.94 (0.74-1.20) |
| Q5 (24.4) | 648 | 1.19 (1.05-1.34) | 487 | 1.26 (1.09-1.45) | 161 | 1.01 (0.79-1.28) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.852 | |||
| DiMeIQx (median, ng/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (0.0) | 922 | Ref | 665 | Ref | 257 | Ref |
| Q2 (0.04) | 105 | 1.02 (0.84-1.25) | 77 | 1.05 (0.83-1.33) | 28 | 0.95 (0.64-1.40) |
| Q3 (0.19) | 496 | 0.96 (0.86-1.07) | 365 | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 131 | 0.91 (0.73-1.12) |
| Q4 (0.58) | 567 | 1.06 (0.95-1.18) | 412 | 1.07 (0.95-1.21) | 155 | 1.03 (0.84-1.25) |
| Q5 (1.74) | 629 | 1.17 (1.05-1.29) | 476 | 1.23 (1.10-1.39) | 153 | 1.00 (0.81-1.22) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.806 | |||
| B[a]P (median, ng/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (0.21) | 551 | Ref | 401 | Ref | 150 | Ref |
| Q2 (1.50) | 583 | 1.02 (0.91-1.14) | 427 | 1.03 (0.90-1.18) | 156 | 1.00 (0.80-1.25) |
| Q3 (6.17) | 531 | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 397 | 0.99 (0.86-1.14) | 134 | 0.88 (0.70-1.12) |
| Q4 (16.83) | 491 | 0.86 (0.76-0.97) | 363 | 0.88 (0.76-1.01) | 128 | 0.81 (0.64-1.02) |
| Q5 (43.97) | 563 | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 407 | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) | 156 | 0.95 (0.75-1.19) |
| p-trend | 0.291 | 0.322 | 0.694 | |||
| Mutagenic activity (median, revertant colonies/1000kcals) | ||||||
| Q1 (165) | 480 | Ref | 349 | Ref | 131 | Ref |
| Q2 (601) | 511 | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 366 | 0.97 (0.83-1.12) | 145 | 1.01 (0.79-1.28) |
| Q3 (1152) | 556 | 1.04 (0.92-1.18) | 404 | 1.05 (0.91-1.21) | 152 | 1.02 (0.80-1.30) |
| Q4 (2042) | 563 | 1.05 (0.93-1.19) | 420 | 1.09 (0.94-1.26) | 143 | 0.95 (0.74-1.21) |
| Q5 (4349) | 609 | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | 456 | 1.19 (1.03-1.38) | 153 | 1.01 (0.79-1.29) |
| p-trend | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.967 | |||
†
Dietary iron residually energy adjustment plus iron from supplements.
*
Adjusted for gender, education (high school or less/unknown, post-high school/some college, college/postgraduate), BMI (<18.5, ≥18.5-<25, ≥25-<30, ≥30-<35, ≥35, unknown), smoking (never smoker, former smoker who quit ≥10 years ago, former smoker who quit 1-9 years ago, current/those who quit <1 year ago, missing), and intake of total energy (kcals/day), fiber (g/1000kcal) and dietary calcium (mg/1000kcal)