Table 3.

Relationship of TZD use and other covariates to fracture risk among female (n = 9,286; 292 events) and male (n = 9,023; 171 events) patients with type 2 DM

	Females		Males
	aHRa (95% CI)	P value	aHRa (95% CI)	P value
TZD use	1.57 (1.16–2.14)	0.004	1.05 (0.70–1.58)	0.817
Oral steroid use	1.18 (0.92–1.53)	0.196	1.32 (0.92–1.91)	0.136
African-American race	0.47 (0.35–0.62)	<0.001	0.55 (0.38–0.79)	0.002
Married	0.96 (0.76–1.23)	0.756	1.02 (0.71–1.47)	0.894
Charlson score	1.05 (0.97–1.14)	0.225	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	0.306
Age	1.06 (1.04–1.07)	<0.001	1.03 (1.01–1.04)	<0.001
Median household income	1.00 (0.94–1.07)	0.930	0.98 (0.91–1.06)	0.666
Baseline CHD	0.92 (0.60–1.41)	0.696	1.13 (0.71–1.82)	0.609
Baseline CHF	1.53 (1.09–2.17)	0.015	1.18 (0.73–1.89)	0.497
Baseline PVOD	1.01 (0.65–1.57)	0.973	1.31 (0.81–2.17)	0.259
Baseline ESRD	3.68 (1.05–12.96)	0.043	5.31 (1.95–14.49)	0.001
Baseline CVAs	1.73 (1.26–2.38)	0.001	1.71 (1.15–2.78)	0.011
Baseline CKD	0.81 (0.42–1.59)	0.548	1.03 (0.49–2.18)	0.931
Baseline insulin useb	1.77 (1.31–2.37)	<0.001	1.71 (1.15–2.56)	0.009
Baseline lipid-lowering medication useb	0.95 (0.74–1.21)	0.675	0.84 (0.61–1.17)	0.309
Baseline HbA1cc	1.01 (0.94–1.07)	0.885	1.08 (1.01–1.16)	0.020

^aMultivariable models adjusted for all covariates shown in the table. 

^bDefined as any prescription fill for these medications in the year prior to the index date. 

^cHbA1c measurement closest to index date.