Table 2.

Characteristics of Cases and Controls

Characteristic	Cases (N = 195)		Controls (N = 597)		All (N = 792)
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Incontinence
None	102	52.3	495	82.9	597	75.4
Urinary, no fecal	39	20.0	59	9.9	98	12.4
Fecal, with or without urinary	54	27.7	43	7.2	97	12.2
Confusion or delirium	49	25.1	72	12.2	121	15.4
Risk of nutrition-related complications
Low	91	46.9	461	77.3	552	69.9
Moderate	66	34.0	111	18.6	177	22.4
High	37	19.1	24	4.0	61	7.7
Age, y
65 to <75	54	27.7	257	43.0	311	39.3
75 to <85	71	36.4	241	40.4	312	39.4
85 or more	70	35.9	99	16.6	169	21.3
Number of ADL impairments
0	93	47.7	501	83.9	594	75.0
1–5	21	10.8	50	8.4	71	9.0
6 or more	81	41.5	46	7.7	127	16.0
Nursing home residence before hospital admission	55	28.2	39	6.6	94	11.9
Charlson comorbidity index >3	63	32.3	176	29.5	239	30.2
Male sex	80	41.0	237	39.7	317	40.0
African American	149	76.4	423	71.1	572	72.4
Medicaid coverage	26	13.3	38	6.4	64	8.1
Hospital
A	75	38.5	294	49.2	369	46.6
B	120	61.5	303	50.8	423	53.4
ED stay ≥8 h	53	28.3	195	33.2	248	32.0
Any potentially immobilizing procedure in ED	24	12.3	53	8.9	77	9.7
Any potentially immobilizing medication in ED	28	14.4	90	15.1	118	14.9
Night arrival in the ED	15	7.8	42	7.1	57	7.2
Number of weekend days
0	108	55.4	313	52.8	421	53.4
1	58	29.7	185	31.2	243	30.8
2	29	14.9	95	16.0	124	15.7
Any surgical, radiologic, cardiologic, or invasive procedure in the inpatient period	33	16.9	108	18.1	141	17.8
Any restraining, immobilizing, or compression device in the inpatient period	26	13.3	44	7.4	70	8.8
ICU stay	34	17.4	83	13.9	117	14.8
Any potentially immobilizing medication (inpatient)	33	16.9	151	25.3	184	23.2

Note: ADL = activities of daily living; ED = emergency department; ICU = intensive care unit.