Table 3.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) Comparing Cases and Controls With Respect to Extrinsic Factors

Extrinsic factors	Unadjusted*	Adjusted†
ICU stay	1.4 (0.9–2.2)	2.0 (1.2–3.5)
Any potentially immobilizing medication in ED	1.0 (0.6–1.6)	1.2 (0.7–2.2)
ED stay ≥8 h	0.8 (0.6–1.2)	0.8 (0.5–1.2)
Any potentially immobilizing procedure in ED	1.6 (0.96–2.7)	1.3 (0.7–2.6)
Night arrival in the ED	1.0 (0.5–1.9)	1.1 (0.5–2.3)
Number of weekend days
0	Reference	Reference
1	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	0.9 (0.5–1.4)
2	0.9 (0.5–1.4)	1.1 (0.6–1.9)
Any surgical, radiologic, cardiologic, or invasive procedure in the inpatient period	1.1 (0.7–1.7)	0.9 (0.5–1.5)
Any restraining, immobilizing, or compression device in the inpatient period	2.4 (1.4–3.8)	1.5 (0.7–2.9)
Any potentially immobilizing medication (inpatient)	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.6 (0.3–0.9)

Notes:

^*Unadjusted odds ratios were obtained by conditional logistic regression within strata of matching factors (hospital and 6-month time period).

^†Adjusted odds ratios were obtained by conditional logistic regression within strata of matching factors (hospital and 6-month time period) and adjusted for age, sex, race, Medicaid coverage, incontinence, confusion/delirium, risk of nutrition-related complications, functional impairment, nursing home residence before hospital admission, and Charlson comorbidity score.

ICU = intensive care unit; ED = emergency department.