Figure 5.

The average camber (a,c) across the wing and (b,d) through the wingbeat for the (a,b) hindwing and (c,d) forewing of the four locusts. The solid lines show the mean instantaneous camber for each locust (red, L1; green, L2; blue, L3; black, L4) and the shaded region around those lines displays the instantaneous standard deviation. (a,c) The camber at the mid-downstroke against percentage distance along the wing. Both wings show a negative correlation between the camber and the percentage distance along the wing. (b,d) The camber at 50% wing length against normalized time. The solid vertical line indicates the mean timing of the end of the hindwing downstroke in (b) and the mean timing of the end of the forewing downstroke in (d). The dashed vertical line indicates the average start time of the forewing downstroke in (d). Camber increases during the downstroke until t̂=0.4, when it reaches a maximum of approximately 8% for both wings. Camber is negative during the upstroke for the hindwing, but is only negative for one locust (L3) for the forewing.