Table 4. Pesticide incidence in 749 wax, pollen and bee samples from North American honey bee colonies.
| Total Pesticide* | CLASS# | Samples Analyzed | % with Detections | LD50¶ | Max Detection (ppb) | 95%tile (ppb) | Wax (ppb) § | Pollen (ppb) § | Bee (ppb) § | |||||||||||
| Wax | Pollen | Bee | Wax | Pollen | Bee | (ppb) | Wax | Pollen | Bee | Wax | Pollen | Bee | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | ||
| Fluvalinate | PYR | 259 | 350 | 140 | 98.1 | 88.3 | 83.6 | 15860 | 204000 | 2670 | 5860 | 28703 | 294 | 1623 | 7329.5 | 956.9 | 83.9 | 11.2 | 299.0 | 79.7 |
| Coumaphos | OP | 259 | 350 | 140 | 98.1 | 75.4 | 60.0 | 46300 | 94131 | 5828 | 762 | 11555 | 730 | 135 | 3363.4 | 511.8 | 137.4 | 25.4 | 30.5 | 8.4 |
| Chlorpyrifos | OP | 258 | 350 | 140 | 63.2 | 43.7 | 8.6 | 1220 | 890 | 830 | 11 | 33 | 127 | 1 | 15.5 | 4.8 | 23.3 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Chlorothalonil | FUNG | 258 | 280 | 140 | 49.2 | 52.9 | 7.1 | 1110000 | 53700 | 98900 | 878 | 1545 | 10380 | 3 | 525.0 | 225.2 | 1593.5 | 473.5 | 7.2 | 6.3 |
| Amitraz | FORM | 177 | 247 | 125 | 61.6 | 31.2 | 6.4 | 750000 | 46060 | 1117 | 13780 | 4700 | 181 | 6 | 1080.7 | 327.1 | 32.5 | 7.3 | 107.2 | 104.2 |
| Pendimethalin | HERB | 176 | 247 | 140 | 27.8 | 45.7 | 4.3 | 665000 | 84 | 1730 | 28 | 11 | 71 | 0 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 20.4 | 7.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
| Endosulfan | CYC | 258 | 350 | 140 | 39.1 | 36.6 | 3.6 | 78700 | 132 | 157 | 9 | 22 | 33 | 0 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| Fenpropathrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 17.1 | 18.0 | 2.9 | 500 | 200 | 170 | 37 | 30 | 12 | 0 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Esfenvalerate | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 16.7 | 11.7 | 5.7 | 2240 | 56 | 60 | 9 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| Atrazine | S HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 13.9 | 20.3 | 0.7 | 980000 | 31 | 49 | 15 | 8 | 17 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Methoxyfenozide | IGR | 208 | 350 | 140 | 18.8 | 8.3 | 2.1 | 1000000 | 495 | 128 | 21 | 89 | 11 | 0 | 15.3 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Azoxystrobin | S FUNG | 258 | 350 | 140 | 15.5 | 15.1 | 0.0 | 1120000 | 278 | 107 | 0 | 7 | 17 | 0 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Bifenthrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 12.8 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 150 | 56 | 13 | 12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Trifluralin | HERB | 176 | 247 | 125 | 12.5 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 685000 | 36 | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Aldicarb | S CARB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 10.6 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 3730 | 693 | 1342 | 0 | 217 | 92 | 0 | 27.8 | 7.9 | 31.2 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Carbendazim | S FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 10.1 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 500000 | 133 | 149 | 14 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Boscalid | S FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 10.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1550000 | 388 | 962 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Dicofol | OC | 258 | 350 | 140 | 10.1 | 8.0 | 3.6 | 370000 | 21 | 143 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Iprodione | FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 6.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1020000 | 636 | 10 | 0 | 136 | 0 | 0 | 18.2 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Norflurazon | S HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 6.3 | 5.1 | 0.0 | 1630000 | 38 | 108 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Pyrethrins | PYR | 208 | 350 | 140 | 6.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1480 | 222 | 62 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 5.3 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Oxyfluorfen | HERB | 258 | 350 | 140 | 6.2 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1000000 | 34 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Methidathion | OP | 258 | 350 | 140 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 2010 | 79 | 33 | 32 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
| Fenbuconazole | S FUNG | 176 | 247 | 125 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 1490000 | 183 | 264 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Cyprodinil | S FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 3320000 | 106 | 344 | 19 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Cyhalothrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 5.0 | 10.9 | 2.1 | 790 | 17 | 28 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Cypermethrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 5.0 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 1350 | 131 | 49 | 26 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
| Vinclozolin | FUNG | 258 | 350 | 140 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1000000 | 27 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tebufenozide | IGR | 208 | 350 | 140 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 0.7 | 2340000 | 28 | 58 | 23 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Pronamide | S HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 1580000 | 23 | 378 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Pyraclostrobin | FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 4.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 870000 | 438 | 265 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Cyfluthrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 4.3 | 6.9 | 3.6 | 220 | 45 | 34 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Allethrin | PYR | 208 | 350 | 140 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 48800 | 139 | 11 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Trifloxystrobin | PS FUNG | 258 | 350 | 140 | 3.1 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 1750000 | 22 | 264 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Deltamethrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 500 | 613 | 91 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.5 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.5 |
| Azinphos methyl | OP | 258 | 350 | 140 | 2.3 | 6.6 | 2.9 | 2420 | 121 | 643 | 22 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 5.7 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Malathion | OP | 258 | 350 | 140 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 3950 | 35 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Phosmet | OP | 258 | 350 | 140 | 1.9 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 8030 | 209 | 418 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 6.3 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Permethrin | PYR | 258 | 350 | 140 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 5.7 | 1120 | 372 | 92 | 19600 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 141.6 | 140.0 |
| Diazinon | OP | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 2220 | 4 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Thiacloprid | S NEO | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.9 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 252000 | 8 | 115 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Pyrimethanil | FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 1000000 | 28 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tebuthiuron | S HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 650000 | 22 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Thiabendazole | S FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 500000 | 76 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fipronil | INS | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 50 | 36 | 29 | 3060 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 21.9 | 21.9 |
| Dimethomorph | S FUNG | 176 | 247 | 125 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 308000 | 133 | 166 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Metribuzin | S HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 0.0 | 567000 | 8 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Propiconazole | S FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 625000 | 227 | 361 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Imidacloprid | S NEO | 208 | 350 | 140 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 280 | 14 | 912 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Captan | PS FUNG | 258 | 350 | 140 | 0.8 | 17.7 | 2.1 | 1080000 | 69 | 10000 | 43 | 0 | 326 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 76.3 | 29.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| Fenhexamid | FUNG | 176 | 247 | 125 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 1580000 | 9 | 129 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Carbaryl | PS CARB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 0.5 | 11.4 | 0.7 | 10500 | 5 | 1050 | 826 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Metolachlor | PS HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 0.0 | 14.9 | 0.0 | 1260000 | 0 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Myclobutanil | S FUNG | 208 | 350 | 140 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 1870000 | 0 | 981 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.7 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Simazine | S HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 967000 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Acetamiprid | S NEO | 208 | 350 | 140 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 99000 | 0 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Indoxacarb | INS | 208 | 350 | 140 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 600000 | 0 | 330 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Pyrethroids | PYR | 259 | 350 | 140 | 98.8 | 92.6 | 86.4 | ---- | 204000 | 2670 | 19626 | 28706 | 307 | 1680 | 7354.5 | 956.6 | 93.2 | 11.3 | 444.6 | 159.3 |
| Organophosphates | OP | 259 | 350 | 140 | 99.6 | 92.6 | 62.9 | ---- | 94131 | 5828 | 762 | 11584 | 823 | 137 | 3383.1 | 511.7 | 175.2 | 25.7 | 32.0 | 8.4 |
| Carbamates | CARB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 13.0 | 18.0 | 0.7 | ---- | 693 | 1342 | 826 | 217 | 308 | 0 | 28.1 | 7.9 | 45.4 | 9.5 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Insecticides | Total | 259 | 350 | 140 | 99.6 | 98.9 | 91.4 | ---- | 213597 | 5832 | 19630 | 43006 | 1306 | 3190 | 11872.4 | 1131.2 | 370.0 | 30.7 | 612.4 | 187.1 |
| Fungicides | FUNG | 258 | 350 | 140 | 63.2 | 60.6 | 12.9 | ---- | 53705 | 98905 | 897 | 1578 | 3930 | 36 | 563.1 | 224.8 | 1388.1 | 381.2 | 9.2 | 6.4 |
| Herbicides | HERB | 208 | 350 | 140 | 41.8 | 50.3 | 6.4 | ---- | 560 | 1750 | 28 | 29 | 102 | 7 | 7.8 | 2.7 | 28.8 | 5.7 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
| Systemics | S | 208 | 350 | 140 | 57.7 | 60.9 | 10.7 | ---- | 723 | 1436 | 845 | 364 | 609 | 15 | 53.8 | 9.4 | 117.2 | 12.7 | 8.2 | 6.1 |
| Pesticides | Total | 259 | 350 | 140 | 99.6 | 99.1 | 91.4 | ---- | 213597 | 99936 | 19630 | 43492 | 7740 | 3219 | 12443.3 | 1145.5 | 1786.9 | 385.3 | 622.6 | 187.4 |
*Aldicarb based on sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites; Amitraz based on total DMA and DMPF metabolites; Captan includes THPI; Carbaryl includes 1-naphthol; Carbendazim is also a degradate of benomyl; Coumaphos includes oxon, chlorferone and potasan; Endosulfan includes isomers and sulfate; Imidacloprid includes 5-hydroxy and olefin metabolites; Thiabendazole is a degradate of thiophanate methyl.
#
Class: CAR = carbamate, CYC = cyclodiene, FORM = formamidine, FUNG = fungicide, HERB = herbicide, IGR = insect growth regulator.
INS = misc. insecticide, NEO = neonicotinoid, OC = organochlorine, OP = organophosphate, PS = partial systemic, PYR = pyrethroid, S = systemic.
¶
LD50 is ave. honey bee acute toxicity from literature in ppb = 10,000× µg/bee; bold nos. < LD50.
§
Mean and SEM for all analyzed samples; non detects = 0 ppb.