Table 3.
Relationships between cigarette smoking and SHS exposure in lifetime status and the severity of COPD according to GOLD criteria.
| Variables | No COPD (n = 230) | Mild COPD (n = 129) | Moderate COPD (n = 58) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | AOR (95%CI)a | PAR (%) | N (%) | AOR (95%CI)a | PAR (%) | |
| Cigarette smoking/SHS status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 90 (39.1) | 32 (24.8) | 1 | 9 (15.5) | 1 | ||
| Second-hand smoker | 133 (57.8) | 83 (64.3) | 1.76 (1.06-2.93) | 26.5 | 44 (75.9) | 3.84 (1.72-8.60)c | 56.2 |
| Smoker | 7 (3.0) | 14 (10.9) | 7.01 (2.52-19.51) | 8.9 | 5 (8.6) | 6.49 (1.61-26.15)c | 7.3 |
| Cigarette smoking and cumulative SHS exposure (year) | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 90 (39.1) | 32 (24.8) | 1 | 9 (15.5) | 1 | ||
| Second-hand smoker | |||||||
| 1 < SHS < 32 | 73 (31.7) | 38 (29.5) | 1.48 (0.82-2.68) | 20 (34.5) | 3.31 (1.36-8.06)c | ||
| SHS ≥ 32 | 60 (26.1) | 45 (34.9) | 2.05 (1.16-3.64)b | 24 (41.4) | 4.43 (1.85-10.60)b,c | ||
| Smoker | 7 (3.0) | 14 (10.9) | 7.04 (2.53-19.61) | 5 (8.6) | 6.51 (1.61-26.32) | ||
aAOR: Adjusting for age, secondhand smoke status, height, education level, cooking status, burning incense and tea consumption.
bTrend test from Non-SHS, 1<SHS<32, to SHS ≧ 32 years in Mild COPD: p = 0.01; and in Moderate COPD: p < 0.01.
cTrend test from No COPD, Mild COPD, to Moderate COPD in second-hand smoker: p < 0.01 (p < 0.01 in 1<SHS<32 years and SHS ≧ 32 years); and in smoker: p < 0.01.