Table 1.
Acceptance of parasitic causes of human cancers.
| Cancer | Parasite | ∼ Year accepted |
|---|---|---|
| Cholangioma liver cancers | Opisthorchid trematodes† | 1970 |
| Bladder cancer | Schistosome trematodes† | 1970 |
| Burkitt's lymphoma | Epstein–Barr virus† jointly with Plasmodium falciparum | 1975 |
| Adult T cell leukaemia | Human T lymphotropic virus I† | 1980 |
| Cervical cancer | Human papilloma virus (HPV)† | 1985 |
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)† | 1990 |
| Liver cancer | Hepatitis B† & C† viruses | 1995 |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | Human herpesvirus 8† | 1995 |
| Stomach cancer | Helicobacter pylori† | 2000 |
| Oropharyngeal cancer | HPV† | 2005 |
†
Persistent parasites. Years of acceptance are approximate because the transition to acceptance generally has been gradual and controversial.