Table 2.
Quantitative PCR analysis of mRNAs in liver from NOD mice treated with PBS, PBS/pair-fed, leptin, and insulin as well as nondiabetic controls after 12 days of treatment
| Genes | PBS (n = 4) | P value (leptin vs. PBS) | PBS/pair-fed (n = 4) | Leptin (n = 6) | Insulin (n = 6) | P value (leptin vs. insulin) | Nondiabetic (n = 4) |
| (A) FA metabolism | |||||||
| LXRα | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | ††† | 4.4 ± 0.4 | |
| SREBP1c | 2.4 ± 0.8 | ** | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | † | 12.2 ± 3.8 |
| FAS | 3.3 ± 0.5 | ** | 6.7 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 3.8 | 21.8 ± 12.2 | ††† | 24.1 ± 6.6 |
| GPAT | 3.0 ± 0.4 | ** | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | ††† | 5.4 ± 0.4 |
| SCD-1 | 16.1 ± 20.5 | *** | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 394 ± 136 | 313 ± 205 | 484 ± 141 | |
| PPARα | 3.3 ± 1.3 | *** | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 7.4 ± 2.7 | †† | 6.8 ± 0.5 |
| Foxo1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | *** | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | |
| PGC1α | 9.5 ± 4.2 | *** | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 2.0 | † | 3.6 ± 1.0 |
| CD36 | 16.9 ± 5.3 | *** | 17.7 ± 5.0 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | |
| SPT1 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | * | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | ††† | 6.3 ± 0.6 |
| SIRT1 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | * | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | † | 3.2 ± 0.6 |
| (B) Gluconeogenesis | |||||||
| PEPCK | 5.5 ± 0.5 | *** | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | |
| (C) Cholesterologenesis | |||||||
| SREBP1a | +1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | ††† | 1.9 ± 0.1 | |
| SREBP2 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | ††† | 5.9 ± 0.5 | |
| HMG-CoA R | 2.9 ± 0.9 | ** | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 6.6 ± 3.7 | 11.8 ± 3.4 | †† | 19.2 ± 9.5 |
Leptin vs. PBS:
*P values < 0.05;
**P value < 0.01;
***P value < 0.001. Leptin vs. insulin:
†P value < 0.05;
††P value < 0.01;
†††P value < 0.001. P values > 0.05 (insulin vs. leptin): MCD, CPT1, IGF1, IGFBP2, BCl2, BAX, Foxc2, PPARγ, IRS-2, ACCα, ACCβ, ACO, and UCP2. 36B4 was the invariant control.