Table 2.
Serum Uric Acid Concentrations by Dietary Fructose, Alcohol, and Fiber Intakes [mean (SD), mg/dL], in Adult Population, Age 20-80 y, NHANES 1999-2004*
| N = 9,384 | By fructose intake quartiles | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P of model | |
| Added unbound fructose (g/d) | (≤ 3.84) | (≤ 14.63) | (≤ 30.04) | (>30.04) | |
| Unadjusted model | 5.25 (1.48) | 5.10 (1.41)b | 5.23 (1.39) | 5.44 (1.42)c | < 0.0001 |
| Adjusted model | 5.58 (1.56) | 5.50 (1.57)a | 5.58 (1.59) | 5.63 (1.81) | 0.004 |
| All added fructose (g/d) | (≤ 15.98) | (≤ 31.60) | (≤ 54.43) | (>54.43) | |
| Unadjusted model | 5.23 (1.46) | 5.19 (1.43) | 5.18 (1.43) | 5.40 (1.40)c | 0.0002 |
| Adjusted model | 5.57 (1.60) | 5.57 (1.55) | 5.54 (1.64) | 5.59 (1.91) | 0.531 |
| Total fructose (g/d) | (≤ 24.29) | (≤ 41.23) | (≤ 64.11) | (>64.11) | |
| Unadjusted model | 5.29 (1.49) | 5.21 (1.42) | 5.16 (1.41)b | 5.36 (1.40) | 0.01 |
| Adjusted model | 5.62 (1.62) | 5.56 (1.56) | 5.53 (1.65) | 5.54 (1.94) | 0.158 |
| Added unbound fructose (% kcal) | (≤ 0.78) | (≤ 2.73) | (≤ 5.50) | (>5.50) | |
| Unadjusted model | 5.28 (1.48) | 5.13 (1.41)b | 5.27 (1.40) | 5.33 (1.42) | 0.002 |
| Adjusted model | 5.58 (1.53) | 5.49 (1.57)a | 5.59 (1.60) | 5.64 (1.76) | 0.006 |
| Added all fructose (% kcal) | (≤ 3.57) | (≤ 6.36) | (≤ 9.68) | (>9.68) | |
| Unadjusted model | 5.35 (1.49) | 5.19 (1.43)c | 5.21 (1.40)b | 5.26 (1.41) | 0.001 |
| Adjusted model | 5.58 (1.54) | 5.55 (1.54) | 5.55 (1.56) | 5.62 (1.84) | 0.174 |
| Total fructose (% kcal) | (≤ 5.48) | (≤ 8.28) | (≤ 11.48) | (>11.48) | |
| Unadjusted model | 5.42 (1.50) | 5.25 (1.39)c | 5.14 (1.42)c | 5.2 (1.41)c | < 0.0001 |
| Adjusted model | 5.58 (1.53) | 5.57 (1.56) | 5.53 (1.63) | 5.62 (1.85) | 0.098 |
| N = 9,384 | By alcohol intake levels (g/day) | ||||
| 1 (0) | 2 (≤ 15) | 3 (≤ 30) | 4 (>30) | ||
| Unadjusted model | 5.12 (1.41) | 5.17 (1.40) | 5.73 (1.42)c | 5.93 (1.39)c | < 0.0001 |
| Adjusted model | 5.31 (1.87) | 5.38 (1.27) | 5.65 (1.22)c | 5.72 (1.39)c | < 0.0001 |
| N = 9,384 | By fiber intake quartiles (g/1000 kcal, 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) | ||||
| 1 (≤ 4.6) | 2 (≤ 6.7) | 3 (≤ 9.5) | 4 (>9.5) | ||
| Unadjusted model | 5.49 (1.50) | 5.26 (1.43)c | 5.18 (1.41)c | 5.08 (1.36)c | < 0.0001 |
| Adjusted model | 5.60 (1.33) | 5.51 (1.16)a | 5.51 (1.50)a | 5.45 (1.34)c | 0.0016 |
*Serum uric acid 1 mg/dL = 59.48 μmol/L. Compared to the values of intake level 1 or quartile1, superscripted letter a represents P < 0.05, b represents P < 0.01, and c represents P < 0.001.
Adjusted model = adjusted for sex, age, BMI, race, education, quartile intakes of kcal, protein, total fat, total fructose (in modeling alcohol/fiber intakes), fiber/1000 kcal, and vitamin C, and alcohol intake level.