Table 3.

Selected experimental trials carried out for three-dimensional bone scaffolds, both in vivo and in vitro, with a combination of controlled drug release. β-TCP, β-tricalcium phosphate; CP, calcium phosphate invert glasses; GS, gentamicin; HA, hydroxyapatite; HMS, mesoporous silica; PLA, poly(l-lactic acid); PLGA, poly(lactide-co-glycolide); PCL, poly-ε-caprolactone; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; CPA, calcium phosphate-deficient apatite.

drug	composition	end-product shape	methodology	experimental trial	references
gentamicin	β-TCP/CP/chitosan	porous matrix	thermally induced phase-separation technique + immersion in drug-containing PBS solution	in vitro	Zhang & Zhang (2002)
gentamicin	bioactive glass	bioactive glass pieces	uniaxial and isostatic compression at room temperature	in vivo	Vallet-Regí et al. (2001)
gentamicin	bioactive glass	mesoporous bioactive glass/bioactive glass	polyurethane sponge technique + immersion in drug-containing PBS solution	in vitro	Zhu & Kaskel (2009)
gentamicin	HMS–HA/PLGA microspheres	porous matrix	tensiactive template to obtain HMS–HA + double-emulsion evaporation technique to obtain GS-loaded PLGA microspheres + sinterization at 70°C	in vitro	Shi et al. (2009)
tetracycline	bioactive glass/β-cyclodextrin	bioactive glass pieces	sol–gel	in vivo	Domingues et al. (2004)
vancomycin	β-TCP/agarose	porous matrix	freeze-drying and heat desiccation at 37°C	in vitro	Cabañas et al. (2009)
polymyxin B	calcium phosphate	ceramic pieces	compaction	in vitro	Kimakhe et al. (1999)
gatifloxacin	β-TCP/PCL	porous matrix	compaction + sintering + immersion in drug-loaded PCL slurry	in vitro and in vivo	Miyai et al. (2008)
ciproflozacin	HA/β-TCP/PLA	porous matrix	compression	in vitro/in vivo	Castro et al. (2005)
silver	bioactive glass	bioctive glass pieces	melting and sintering at high temperature + introduction of drug by ion-exchange process	in vitro	Di Nunzio & Verné (2005)
dexamethasone	starch/PLA	porous matrix	supercritical phase-inversion technique	in vitro	Duarte et al. (2009a)
dexamethasone	chitosan	porous matrix	freeze-drying + drug impregnation by supercritical fluid technology	in vitro	Duarte et al. (2009b)
ibuprofen	bioactive glass/MCM-41	porous matrix	MCM-41 spheres + melting and sintering at high temperature to obtain bioactive glass scaffold + drug impregnation	in vitro	Mortera et al. (2007)
alendronate	silica (SBA-15)	mesoporous silica matrix	triblock copolymers technique + functionalization + immersion in drug-containing buffer aqueous solution	in vitro	Nieto et al. (2008)
zoledronate	CPA	pellets	suspension of CDA in drug-containing water solution	in vitro	Fauchex et al. (2009)