Table 1.

Pattern of long-term morphological change. The variance plot is the regression of log phenotypic variance on log time interval, with slope z_D and correlation coefficient r. Spatial scale of each survey is given as extent (total time interval, My) and grain (mean sampling interval, My).

organism	age	survey			variance plot
		extent	grain	character	zD	r	authority
primate, Cantius	Eocene	1.6	0.04	lower molar length	1.10	0.49	Clyde & Gingerich (1994)
fish, Gasterosteus	Miocene	0.1	0.005	body length	0.22	0.10	Bell et al. (1985)
				anal fin rays	0.68	0.12
				dorsal fin rays	1.19	0.51
				post-pterygiophore	0.60	0.28
ammonite, Anakosmoceras	Jurassic	1.4	0.1	shell diameter	0.66	0.2	Raup & Crick (1981)
ammonite, Zugokosmoceras				shell diameter	1.12	0.39
ammonite, Spinikosmoceras				outer rib size	0.46	0.16
ammonite, Kosmoceras				outer rib size	1.01	0.39
radiolarian, Calocycletta	Miocene	5.75	0.36	thorax width	1.31	0.47	Kellogg & Hays (1975)
radiolarian, Pterocanium	Pliocene	3.9	0.23	thorax length	1.68	0.64
radiolarian, Pseudocubus	Pliocene	1.3	0.08	thorax width	1.03	0.38
foraminiferan, Afrobolivina	Cretaceous	0.5	0.005	pre-loculus diameter	0.75	0.42	Reyment (1982)