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Flow of liquid under an electric field using a single (central) needle showing (a)(i) no flow, (ii) dripping mode and (iii) cone-jet mode. Single needle (outer needle) showing (b)(i) no flow, (ii) dripping mode and (iii) cone-jet mode. Co-flowing solutions showing (c)(i) no flow, (ii) dripping mode demonstrating immiscibility and (iii) cone-jet for encapsulation. The applied voltage ranges were 4–5, 5–6 and 5–6 kV for a(iii), b(iii), c(iii), respectively. Scale bars, (a–c) 1 mm.
