Table 1.

The wings were made of four kinds of polymer materials with known material properties: polyester, polycarbonate, PET-G and Mylar. For each, we used sheets of different thickness denoted by the number (in inches) at the end of each name (e.g. Polyes0.002 represents a wing made of a 0.002 inch thick polyester sheet). In addition to these, we used four sheets of a different polymer called Polymer-(I–IV) to get a sufficient range of flexural stiffness values (EI). We characterized the EI for all models using the bending test described in the Material and Methods section.

order (low to high)	model name	thickness, t (mm)	EI (nm2)
1	Polyes0.002	0.05	4.39E-6
2	Mylar0.003	0.075	8.62E-6
3	Polyes0.003	0.075	1.01E-5
4	Polyes0.005	0.125	3.24E-5
5	Polyes0.004	0.1	3.92E-5
6	Mylar0.005	0.125	5.44E-5
7	Polymer-I	0.17	7.04E-5
8	Polymer-III	0.2	8.23E-5
9	Polymer-II	0.2	8.91E-5
10	Mylar0.007	0.175	2.15E-4
11	Polycarb0.01	0.25	2.32E-4
12	Polymer-IV	0.36	3.50E-4
13	Polycarb0.015	0.375	3.96E-4
14	PET-G0.02	0.5	4.94E-4
15	Polycarb0.02	0.5	5.33E-4
16	PET-G0.06	1.47	8.23E-4