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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Mar 22.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Nov;88(5):1297–1303.

Table 4.

Relative risk (95% CI) for prostate cancer death by fish and seafood n-3 fatty acid intakes (N = 2,161, 230 deaths).

P, trend 1
All fish < 1/wk 1/wk 2 – 4/wk ≥ 5/wk
  Deaths / person-years 54 / 3,264 59 / 4,332 100 / 7,127 17 / 2,056
  Age-adjusted 1.00 (referent) 0.86 (0.59, 1.24) 0.89 (0.64, 1.23) 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) 0.05
  Multivariate-adjusted 2 1.00 (referent) 0.73 (0.50, 1.08) 0.76 (0.54, 1.08) 0.52 (0.30, 0.91) 0.05
Canned tuna < 1/mo 1 – 3/mo 1/wk ≥ 2/wk
  Deaths / person-years 78 / 4,400 91 / 7,198 45 / 3,620 16 / 1,561
  Age-adjusted 1.00 (referent) 0.74 (0.55, 1.00) 0.75 (0.52, 1.08) 0.62 (0.36, 1.06) 0.11
  Multivariate-adjusted 2 1.00 (referent) 0.65 (0.47, 0.89) 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) 0.57 (0.33, 0.99) 0.13
Dark meat fish < 1/mo 1 – 3/mo ≥ 1/wk
  Deaths / person-years 109 / 7,839 102 / 7,022 19 / 1,918
  Age-adjusted 1.00 (referent) 1.04 (0.80, 1.37) 0.70 (0.43, 1.14) 0.23
  Multivariate-adjusted 2 1.00 (referent) 0.76 (0.57, 1.02) 0.64 (0.39, 1.04) 0.04
Other fish < 1/mo 1 – 3/mo 1/wk ≥ 2/wk
  Deaths / person-years 40 / 2,002 83 / 6,521 81 / 5,682 26 / 2,574
  Age-adjusted 1.00 (referent) 0.67 (0.46, 0.98) 0.75 (0.51, 1.09) 0.55 (0.34, 0.90) 0.09
  Multivariate-adjusted 2 1.00 (referent) 0.66 (0.45, 0.98) 0.70 (0.47, 1.03) 0.58 (0.35, 0.97) 0.17
Shrimp, lobster or scallops < 1/mo 1 – 3/mo ≥ 1/wk
  Deaths / person-years 84 / 5,832 112 / 9,020 34 / 1,926
  Age-adjusted 1.00 (referent) 0.88 (0.67, 1.17) 1.30 (0.87, 1.94) 0.27
  Multivariate-adjusted 2 1.00 (referent) 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) 1.10 (0.72, 1.67) 0.73
Seafood n-3 fatty acids Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5
  Deaths / person-years 50 / 3,291 53 / 3,443 54 / 3,386 37 / 3,210 36 / 3,448
  Age-adjusted 1.00 (referent) 1.02 (0.69, 1.50) 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) 0.78 (0.51, 1.20) 0.70 (0.46, 1.08) 0.04
  Multivariate-adjusted 2 1.00 (referent) 0.98 (0.66, 1.46) 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) 0.65 (0.41, 1.02) 0.65 (0.42, 0.99) 0.02
1

Calculated in a separate regression model with the median intake in each category as a continuous variable

2

Adjusted for age at prostate cancer diagnosis, BMI, physical activity, intakes of alcohol, tomato products and dairy products, smoking, race, use of multivitamins, use of vitamin E supplements, random assignment to aspirin or beta-carotene, tumor stage and grade at diagnosis, and clinical presentation of case.