Table 3.
Baseline | Follow-up | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Process indicators | Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) | Significant confounders | R2 | Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) | Significant confounders | R2 |
Participation in education course for diabetes | 3.4 (2.5-4.6) | diabetes duration (longer) | 0.173 | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | diabetes duration (longer) | 0.118 |
≥4 encounters/year with physician | 3.3 (2.2-5.1) | None | 0.097 | 3.1 (1.8-5.3) | None | 0.071 |
Annual referral to an ophthalmologist | 3.4 (2.2-5.4) | Depr. score (lower) | 0.134 | n.s. | None | 0.066 |
≥1 referral to diabetologist/year (GP patients only) | n.s. | Age (younger) | 0.124 | n.s. | None | 0.024 |
Specialty of the attending physician: diabetologist | 2.0 (1.4-2.9) | diabetes duration (longer) | 0.090 | n.s. | None | 0.048 |
Annual foot examination | 3.1 (2.2-4.4) | None | 0.083 | 3.2 (2.0-4.9) | None | 0.082 |
Possession of a diabetes passport | 2.4 (1.7-3.2) | diabetes duration (longer) | 0.110 | 2.1 (1.5-3.0) | None | 0.058 |
Nutritional advice given by physician | n.s. | None | 0.021 | n.s. | None | 0.032 |
Physician advice given on exercising | n.s. | Age (younger) | 0.071 | n.s. | None | 0.030 |
Agreement on target value for GHb | n.s. | Age (younger) | 0.092 | n.s. | Age (younger) | 0.091 |
Agreement upon target values for blood pressure | n.s. | None | 0.015 | n.s. | None | 0.023 |
Participation in education course for hypertension | n.s. | None | 0.025 | n.s. | None | 0.018 |
Outcome Indicators | ||||||
Self-rated health (S-rh) (low) | n.s. | Depr. score (higher) | 0.165 | n.s. | Depr. score (higher), S-rh at t0 (lower) | 0.200 |
Satisfaction with medical treatment (low) | n.s. | None | 0.028 | n.s. | Satisf. with med. treatment t0 (lower) | 0.119 |
Burden of therapy (high) | n.s. | None | 0.125 | n.s. | None | 0.078 |
Self-rated ability to cope with disease (high) | n.s. | Depr. score (lower), language skills (better) | 0.120 | n.s. | Depr. score (lower) | 0.017 |
Self-reported therapy adherence (S-rta) (high) | n.s. | Age (older), language skills (better) | 0.080 | n.s. | S-rta at t0 (higher), Depr. score (lower) | 0.138 |
GHb [≥ 7.5% (≥ 8.5% for age 75+)] | n.s. | diabetes duration (longer) | 0.070 | n.s. | GHb level at t0 (high) | 0.365 |
Blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mm Hg) | n.s. | None | 0.052 | n.s. | Blood pressure at t0 (high) | 0.231 |
Body mass index (≥ 30 kg/m2) | n.s. | Age (younger), sex (female) | 0.067 | n.s. | BMI at t0 (high) | 0.726 |
Diabetic foot lesions (Dfl) | n.s. | Depr. score (higher) | 0.073 | n.s. | Dfl at t0, depr. score (higher) | 0.193 |
Present symptoms of diabetes | n.s. | Depr. score (higher) | 0.144 | n.s. | Depr. score (higher) | 0.117 |
Smoking | n.s. | Age (younger) | 0.157 | n.s. | Status as smoker at t0 | 0.808 |
Risk of hypoglycemia (high) | n.s. | None | 0.079 | n.s. | None | 0.163 |
Insulin treatment | n.s. | diabetes duration (longer) | 0.227 | n.s. | Insulin treatment at t0 | 0.839 |
Increased cardiovascular risk* | n.s. | Education (lower) | 0.097 | n.s | Increased cardiovascular risk at t0 | 0.262 |
Knowing GHb test results | 2.8 (2.0-4.0) | age (younger), language skills (better), diabetes duration (longer) | 0.186 | n.s. | Knowing GHb test results at t0 | 0.289 |
Knowing blood pressure test results | n.s. | None | 0.034 | n.s. | Knowing blood pressure at t0 | 0.216 |
Multivariate logistic regression analyses. Enrolled patients compared to not enrolled patients adjusted for age, sex, education, duration of diabetes disease, German language skills and depressive symptoms. In addition outcome indicators at follow-up controlled for baseline values (t0). Direction of association is indicated in brackets; p ≤ 0.001 for all odds ratios shown as numerical values; n.s. = statistically not significant (p > 0.001). *Increased cardiovascular risk = [GHb ≥ 7.5% (≥ 8.5% for age 75+) and/or blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg]; Depr. = Depression