TABLE 1.
Single covariate analysis
| MDI |
PDI |
Neuromuscular examination |
Head circumference |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | β | SE | P | β | SE | P | β | SE | P | β | SE | P | |
| Preoperative covariates | |||||||||||||
| Gender | 188 | −1.936 | 2.184 | .376 | 0.348 | 2.533 | .891 | −0.034 | 0.336 | .920 | 1.281 | 0.236 | .000 |
| Ethnicity (ref: white) | 188 | .964 | .056 | .092 | .145 | ||||||||
| Socioeconomic status | 188 | 1.591 | 0.991 | .110 | −0.155 | 1.155 | .894 | −0.136 | 0.149 | .361 | 0.226 | 0.115 | .050 |
| Gestational age (wk) | 188 | 1.472 | 0.434 | .001 | 1.455 | 0.507 | .005 | −0.177 | 0.066 | .007 | 0.095 | 0.051 | .068 |
| Multiple gestation (Y/N) | 187 | −13.362 | 4.757 | .006 | −9.124 | 5.590 | .104 | 0.701 | 0.669 | .295 | 0.099 | 0.562 | .860 |
| Delivery (cesarean section vs vaginal) | 186 | 3.450 | 2.366 | .146 | 4.628 | 2.716 | .090 | −0.465 | 0.355 | .190 | −0.492 | 0.273 | .073 |
| Apgar at 1 min | 184 | 0.968 | 0.659 | .144 | 2.031 | 0.754 | .008 | −0.334 | 0.102 | .001 | 0.111 | 0.077 | .152 |
| Apgar at 5 min | 184 | 1.560 | 1.152 | .177 | 3.238 | 1.321 | .015 | −0.488 | 0.195 | .012 | 0.240 | 0.134 | .075 |
| Confirmed or suspected genetic syndrome | 188 | −9.681 | 2.226 | .000 | −11.099 | 2.579 | .000 | 1.553 | 0.355 | .000 | −0.437 | 0.269 | .106 |
| APOE 2 genotype (ref: ε33) | 186 | .016 | .014 | .092 | .278 | ||||||||
| Weight at birth (gm) | 187 | 0.007 | 0.002 | .000 | 0.006 | 0.002 | .001 | −0.001 | 0.000 | .001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | .000 |
| Head circumference at birth (cm) | 183 | 1.397 | 0.492 | .005 | 1.259 | 0.583 | .032 | −0.196 | 0.078 | .012 | 0.410 | 0.050 | .000 |
| Prostaglandin infusion (Y/N) | 186 | 3.384 | 2.450 | .169 | 2.009 | 2.851 | .482 | −0.474 | 0.401 | .238 | −0.036 | 0.285 | .899 |
| Preoperative intubation (Y/N) | 186 | −3.188 | 2.554 | .214 | 34.479 | 2.955 | .131 | 0.129 | 0.075 | .087 | −0.302 | 0.296 | .310 |
| Cardiac diagnosis (ref: TOF) | 188 | .397 | .371 | .054 | .632 | ||||||||
| Preoperative length of stay (d) | 188 | −0.364 | 0.220 | .101 | −0.635 | 0.253 | .013 | 0.105 | 0.048 | .029 | −0.028 | 0.026 | .274 |
| Operative covariates | |||||||||||||
| Age at operation (d) | 188 | −0.002 | 0.020 | .914 | 0.004 | 0.023 | .852 | −0.004 | 0.003 | .198 | 0.000 | 0.002 | .928 |
| Weight at operation (kg) | 188 | 1.740 | 0.797 | .030 | 2.342 | 0.918 | .012 | −0.426 | 0.143 | .002 | 0.332 | 0.090 | .000 |
| Surgeon (ref: 3) | 188 | .388 | .379 | .820 | .548 | ||||||||
| Total support time [CPB 3 DHCA] (min) | 188 | −0.001 | 0.025 | .976 | −0.039 | 0.029 | .183 | 0.002 | 0.004 | .623 | −0.006 | 0.003 | .035 |
| CPB time (min) | 188 | 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.474 | −0.018 | 0.027 | .517 | 0.000 | 0.004 | .930 | −0.003 | 0.003 | .246 |
| DHCA time (min) | 188 | −0.117 | 0.060 | .053 | −0.107 | 0.070 | .125 | 0.012 | 0.009 | .160 | −0.015 | 0.007 | .038 |
| DHCA (Y/N) | 188 | −5.206 | 2.242 | .021 | −4.790 | 2.609 | .068 | 0.697 | 0.341 | .041 | −0.542 | 0.261 | .039 |
| Hematocrit after hemodilution (%) | 188 | 0.249 | 0.263 | .344 | 0.385 | 0.304 | .206 | −0.012 | 0.040 | .763 | −0.051 | 0.030 | .096 |
| Cooling time (min) | 188 | −0.134 | 0.179 | .457 | −0.367 | 0.206 | .076 | 0.037 | 0.028 | .181 | −0.051 | 0.020 | .013 |
| Lowest NP temperature (°C) | 188 | 0.234 | 0.205 | .256 | 0.616 | 0.234 | .009 | −0.078 | 0.035 | .024 | 0.072 | 0.023 | .002 |
| Delayed sternal closure (Y/N) | 188 | −6.650 | 4.266 | .121 | 36.171 | 4.948 | .214 | 0.652 | 0.597 | .275 | −0.866 | 0.494 | .081 |
| ECMO (Y/N) | 188 | 7.000 | 10.605 | .510 | 1.425 | 12.288 | .908 | 16.679 | 1029.121 | .987 | −0.398 | 1.231 | .747 |
| Postoperative length of stay (d) | 188 | −0.286 | 0.100 | .005 | −0.462 | 0.113 | .000 | 0.096 | 0.028 | .001 | −0.022 | 0.012 | .068 |
| Total length of stay (d) | 188 | −0.247 | 0.082 | .003 | −0.405 | 0.092 | .000 | 0.082 | 0.022 | .000 | −0.019 | 0.010 | .055 |
For each outcome, single covariates with P ≤ 0.1 are shown in boldface. APOE, Apolipoprotein E; β, regression coefficient; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; DHCA, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; MDI, mental developmental index; NP, nasopharyngeal; PDI, psychomotor developmental index; SE, standard error; TGA/IVS, transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; VSD, ventricular septal defect; Y/N, yes/no.