Table 1.

The 10-Item Pain Behaviors for Osteoarthritis Instrument for Cognitively Impaired Elders (PBOICIE)

Domains		Rating Value
		0	1
	Characteristic 1: Distorted ambulation or gesture
1	Excessive stiffness of the affected joint during activities other than walking+	no	yes
2	Shifting weight (adjust body) when seated+	no	yes
3	Clutching or holding onto affected area+	no	yes
4	Massaging affected area+	no	yes
5	Rigid, tense body posture+	no	yes
	Characteristic 2: Audible expression of distress
6	Sigh, moan, grasp, groan	no	yes
7	Words expressing discomfort or pain, “ouch,” “that hurts,”; cursing during movement; and exclamations of protest, “stop,” “that's enough”	no	yes
	Characteristic 3: Facial/non-audible expression of distress
8	Clenching teeth+	no	yes
9	Fidgeting	no	yes
	Characteristic 4: Changes in daily routine
10	Restricted movement	no	yes

⁺indicated the final 6 items.