SDS-PAGE (18% acrylamide) analysis for the selectivity of VHH against ceramics. After the mixed solutions of each VHH (peptide-ungrafted VHH, VHHZnOBP1, or 4F2 VHH) and material particles (ZnO, Al2O3, CoO, Fe2O3, TiO2, or NiO) had been centrifuged, the supernatant was removed, and the VHH adsorbed on the particles was eluted in 6 m GdnHCl solution. Lane 1, added VHH solution in particle suspension; lane 2, supernatant after centrifugation; lane 3, eluted fraction.