Table 4.

Geographic scale and types of GIS-based measures from selected studies, by outcome type^a

Study	Geographic scale	Population density	Land- use mix	Access to recreation facilities	Street pattern	Sidewalk coverage	Vehicular traffic	Crime	Other	Composite indexb
Transportation activity outcomes
Boer (2007)104	0.25-mi buffer	X	X		X				X
Braza (2004)105	0.5-mi buffer	X			X
Cervero (1997)106	Census tract									X
Cervero (2003)107	1-, 5-mi buffer		X		X
Ewing (2004)108	Traffic  analysis  zones	X	X		X	X			X
Frank (1994)109	Census tract	X	X
Kerr (2006)110	1-km network  buffer	X	X		X					X
Kockelman (1997)111	Traffic  analysis  zones,  census tracts	X	X
Krizek (2003)112	150-m grid  cells								X	X
Krizek (2006)113	c		X						X
McNally (1997)114	Neighborhood								X
Rodriguez (2004)115	Commute route	X				X			X
Tilt (2007)67	0.40-mi  network  buffer		X						X
Leisure activity outcomes
Berke (2007)116	0.1-, 0.5-, 1-  km buffers									X
Diez Roux (2007)117	0.5-, 1-, 2-, 5-  mi buffer			X
Ewing (2003)118	County,  metropolitan  area									X
Giles-Corti (2005)119	c			X
Gomez (2004)120	0.5-mi buffer			X				X
Gordon-Larsen (2006)121	8.05-km  buffer			X
Hillsdon (2006)122	c			X
Lindsey (2006)123	0.5-mi  network  buffer	X	X		X				X
Nelson (2006)124	3-km buffer								X
Rutt (2005)125	0.25-mi buffer	X	X	X	X	X			X
Sallis (1990)19	1-, 2-, 3-, 4-,  5-mi buffer			X
Transportation and leisure, or total activity outcomes
Ball (2007)126	Neighborhood			X	X				X
Cohen (2006)127	0.5-mi buffer		X		X
Doyle (2006)128	County				X			X
Duncan (2005)129	0.5-, 1-mi  buffer		X	X			X		X
Epstein (2006)130	0.5-mi buffer	X	X	X	X
Forsyth (2007)131	0.2-, 0.4-, 0.8-,  1.6-km street  network,  straight-line  buffer, 805 X  805-metric  grid	X	X
Forsyth (2008)132	0.2-, 0.4-, 0.8-,  1.6-km street  network,  straight-line  buffer, 805 X  805-metric  grid		X	X	X	X			X
Frank (2005)133	1-km network  buffer									X
Handy (2006)134	400-, 800-,  1600-m  buffer		X
Hillsdon (2007)135	Super Output  Area  (England)			X
Jilcott (2007)69	1-, 2-mi buffer			X
King (2005)136	1.5-km  network  buffer, block  group		X						X
Kligerman  (2007)137	0.5-mi  network  buffer			X						X
Lee (2006)138	1-km buffers	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
McGinn (2007)68	0.125-, 0.5-, 1-  mi buffer								X
McGinn (2007)26	0.125-, 0.5-, 1-  mi buffer				X		X
Michael (2006)66	Neighborhood		X	X
Norman (2006)139	0.5-, 1-mi  network  buffer	X	X	X	X					X
Roemmich (2007)140	0.5-mi buffer	X		X	X		X
Troped (2001)141	N/A			X			X		X
Wendel-Vos (2004)142	0.3-, 0.5-km  buffer			X
BMI/overweight/ obese outcomes
Burdette (2004)143	Neighborhood		X	X				X
Ewing (2006)144	County							X		X
Frank (2004)145	1-km network  buffer	X	X		X
Lopez (2004)146	Metropolitan  area									X
Ross (2007)147	Census tract,  census  metropolitan  area  (Canada)									X
Rundle (2007)148	Census tract	X	X		X				X

^aSome studies also included BMI as an outcome variable

^bCombination of two or more built-environment measures from different domains summarized into a single variable

^cDistance to specified destination served as GIS-based measure, where the individual study participant served as unit of analysis.