Table 5.
Reported and confirmed water treatment practices of PuR® and WaterGuard, reported handwashing behavior, and demonstrations of proper handwashing technique among primary caregivers of students, Bondo District, Kenya, at baseline (February 2007), first follow-up (September 2007), and second follow-up (July 2008)
| Characteristic | Baseline | Follow-up 1 | P value | Follow-up 2 | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 662 | N = 644 | N = 644 | N = 536 | N = 536 | |
| N (%) | N (%) | Baseline-Follow-up 1 | N (%) | Follow-up 1–Follow-up 2 | |
| Water treatment | |||||
| Ever heard of PuR® | 322 (49) | 585 (91) | < 0.0001 | 517 (96) | 0.0013 |
| Ever used PuR® | 54 (8) | 471 (71) | < 0.0001 | 407 (76) | 0.6634 |
| Correct treatment of PuR®† | 53 (8) | 353 (53) | < 0.0001 | 293 (55) | 0.7422 |
| Reported use of PuR® | 3 (< 1) | 108 (16) | < 0.0001 | 79 (15) | 0.1522 |
| Confirmed use of PuR®§ | 1 (< 1) | 49 (7) | < 0.0001 | 30 (6) | 0.1213 |
| Ever heard of WaterGuard | 617 (93) | 606 (92) | 0.1 | 514 (96) | 0.7389 |
| Ever used WaterGuard | 325 (53) | 391 (59) | < 0.0001 | 356 (66) | 0.0573 |
| Correct treatment of WaterGuard‡ | 235 (35) | 369 (57) | < 0.01 | 306 (57) | 0.5735 |
| Reported use of WaterGuard | 108 (16) | 145 (22) | 0.0006 | 121 (23) | 0.8711 |
| Confirmed use of WaterGuard§ | 37 (6) | 86 (13) | < 0.0001 | 57 (11) | 0.3074 |
| Confirmed use of PuR® or WaterGuard§ | 43 (6.5) | 134 (20.9) | < 0.0001 | 96 (18) | 0.1669 |
| Handwashing | |||||
| Washed hands after the toilet | 444 (67) | 525 (82) | – | 412 (77) | – |
| After eating | 375 (57) | 496 (77) | – | 391 (73) | – |
| Before cooking | 227 (34) | 335 (52) | – | 235 (44) | – |
| Correct handwashing demonstration | 167 (25) | 266 (41) | < 0.0001 | 254 (47) | 0.1853 |
P values were ascertained by using McNemar's test significance of matched-pairs.
†Correct treatment of PuR® was defined as correctly identifying the following three steps: 1) number of liters of water treated with one sachet; 2) the correct amount of time the water needs to be stirred; and 3) the correct time to wait before consuming the water.
Correct treatment of WaterGuard was defined as identifying the correct dose and the correct wait time until the water is safe to drink.
Confirmed use of PuR® or WaterGuard is defined reported use of the water treatment product and a positive residual chlorine test on the day of interview.
Correct hand washing was defined as lathering the hands thoroughly, cleaning between fingers, and air drying the hands.