Appendix Table 2.

Means and standard deviations by race and ethnicity

	White(obs=300)	Black(obs=885)	Hispanic(obs=298)
Outcomes
PPVT-R (standardized)	0.476a	−0.191b	−0.081b
	(1.047)	(0.902)	(0.881)
Total behavior problems (standardized)	−0.005a	0.096a	0.167a
	(0.986)	(1.010)	(1.026)
Predictors
Working by 12 months	0.747ab	0.807b	0.721a
Mother worked in year before birth	0.870a	0.829a	0.752b
Child male	0.503a	0.516a	0.520a
Older siblings	0.560a	0.652b	0.594ab
Mother and father married at child’s birth	0.473a	0.116b	0.201c
Mother and father cohabiting at child’s birth	0.340a	0.348a	0.483b
Income above poverty to 200% of poverty at child’s birth	0.233a	0.277a	0.282a
Income above 200% of poverty at child’s birth	0.637a	0.292b	0.342b
Mother’s PPVT-R (standardized)	0.870a	−0.289b	−0.151b
	(1.151)	(1.009)	(1.221)
Mother had less than high school education at child’s birth	0.170a	0.330b	0.406c
Mother had more than high school education at child’s birth	0.573a	0.293b	0.295b
Mother’s age at child’s birth	26.673a	24.089b	24.074b
	(6.086)	(5.623)	(5.603)
Mother US born	0.980a	0.977a	0.809b
Child age (months) at in-home assessment	37.640a	37.561a	38.414b
	(2.373)	(2.526)	(2.907)
Maternal depressive symptoms at 36-months (standardized)	0.058a	0.093a	−0.075a
	(1.065)	(1.072)	(0.972)
Mother’s PPVT-R missing	0.033a	0.052a	0.047a
12-month mediators
Center-based child care	0.147a	0.176a	0.138a
Relative child care	0.163a	0.209ab	0.265b
Non-relative child care (excludes center based)	0.093a	0.056ab	0.044b
Other child care arrangement	0.043a	0.032a	0.013a
Mother spanked child in last month	0.193a	0.373b	0.195a
Parenting stress (standardized)	−0.094a	0.027a	−0.028a
	(0.858)	(1.055)	(0.980)
Maternal depressive symptoms (standardized)	−0.032a	0.029a	−0.053a
	(1.005)	(1.016)	(0.953)
36-month mediators
Center-based child care	0.253a	0.369b	0.248a
Relative child care	0.190a	0.212a	0.268a
Non-relative child care (excludes center based)	0.133a	0.055b	0.054b
Other child care arrangement	0.017a	0.002b	0.000b
Mother spanked child in last month	0.540ab	0.605a	0.500b
Parenting stress (standardized)	−0.035a	0.000a	−0.004a
	(0.875)	(1.037)	(0.999)
Psychological aggression (standardized)	0.086a	0.231a	−0.132b
	(1.078)	(1.028)	(0.930)
Physical discipline (standardized)	0.007a	0.264b	−0.245c
	(0.995)	(1.103)	(0.829)
Harsh mothering (standardized)	−0.184a	0.128b	−0.182a
	(0.803)	(1.092)	(0.827)
Lack of maternal responsivity (standardized)	−0.387a	0.170b	−0.160c
	(0.592)	(0.592)	(1.093)
Lack of cognitively stimulating materials (standardized)	−0.501a	0.201b	−0.072c
	(0.656)	(1.035)	(0.941)

Note: 1483 observations. Standard deviations in parentheses. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p<0.05 in ANOVA analyses with Scheffe post-hoc tests.