TABLE 3.
Changes in lipoproteins and other relevant variables at years 1, 3, and 6, by randomization group1
| Absolute change at year 1 |
Absolute change at year 3 |
Absolute change at year 6 |
|||||||||||||||
| Baseline |
Year 1 |
Difference between groups | Year 3 |
Difference between groups | Year 6 |
Difference between groups | |||||||||||
| DM-I | DM-C | DM-I | DM-C | DM-I | DM-C | DM-I | DM-C | DM-I | DM-C | DM-I | DM-C | DM-I | DM-C | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 77.4 | 78.5 | 75.7 | 78.0 | −1.5 | −0.4 | −1.11 (−1.73, −0.50)2 | 76.6 | 78.3 | −0.3 | 0.2 | −0.50 (−1.35, 0.34) | 77.0 | 78.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | −0.16 (−1.03, 0.71) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 | 30.1 | 29.0 | 29.9 | −0.6 | −0.1 | −0.45 (−0.64, −0.26)2 | 29.3 | 30.0 | −0.1 | 0.1 | −0.18 (−0.41, 0.06) | 29.7 | 30.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | −0.03 (−0.28, 0.23) |
| Waist (cm) | 89.9 | 90.3 | 87.9 | 89.9 | −1.7 | −0.3 | −1.42 (−1.92, −0.92)2 | 89.3 | 90.9 | 0.02 | 0.7 | −0.69 (−1.35, −0.02)3 | 90.6 | 91.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.18 (−0.66, 1.01) |
| Physical activity (METs/wk) | 9.5 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | −0.01 (−1.17, 1.14) | 11.0 | 10.5 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.25 (−0.75, 1.25) | 11.5 | 10.1 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.55 (0.47, 2.63) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 127 | 129 | 126 | 127 | −1 | −3 | 1.53 (0.29, 2.77)3 | 127 | 127 | −1 | −2.5 | 1.99 (0.62, 3.36)3 | 126 | 126 | −1 | −3.1 | 1.98 (0.43, 3.54) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 222 | 223 | 215 | 218 | −7 | −5 | −2.12 (−4.25, 0.02) | 212 | 216 | −10 | −6.9 | −3.11 (−5.81, −0.40)3 | 214 | 211 | −11 | −8.5 | −2.52 (−6.97, 1.94) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133 | 134 | 126 | 129 | −7 | −6 | −1.17 (−3.13, 0.80) | 123 | 127 | −10 | −6.7 | −2.79 (−5.34, −0.24)3 | 123 | 126 | −9 | −7.6 | −0.88 (−5.11, 3.35) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 | 58 | 59 | 59 | −1 | 1 | −1.60 (−2.29, −0.90)2 | 59 | 58 | −1 | −0.0 | −0.67 (−1.50, 0.16) | 59 | 58 | −2 | −1.2 | −0.98 (−2.31, 0.34) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)4 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 136 | 3 | 1 | 2.33 (−1.89, 6.55) | 137 | 139 | 6 | −0.1 | 3.82 (−3.30, 10.94) | 135 | 138 | 4 | −0.1 | −0.82 (−9.21, 7.57) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163 | 165 | 156 | 159 | −7 | −6 | −0.70 (−2.77, 1.37) | 153 | 157 | −9 | −6.8 | −2.59 (−5.35, 0.17) | 153 | 156 | −8 | −7.5 | −1.37 (−5.91, 3.18) |
| Total:HDL cholesterol | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.9 | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13)3 | 3.8 | 3.9 | −0.1 | 1.7 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | 3.8 | 3.9 | −0.1 | 3.5 | 0.00 (−0.14, 0.15) |
| Lp(a) (mg/dL)4 | 17.3 | 17.0 | 16.8 | 15.8 | −0.1 | −0.9 | 0.82 (−0.05, 1.69) | 14.7 | 15.1 | −2.1 | −2.8 | 0.68 (−0.62, 1.98) | 25.9 | 24.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 3.08 (0.93, 5.23) |
| HDL2 (mg/dL) | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 0 | 1 | −0.70 (−1.11, −0.29)3 | 17 | 16 | −2 | −1.7 | −0.37 (−0.86, 0.12) | 17 | 16 | −2 | −1.5 | −0.44 (−1.21, 0.32) |
| HDL3 (mg/dL) | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 | −1 | 0 | −0.83 (−1.28, −0.39)2 | 42 | 42 | 1 | 1.7 | −0.27 (−0.86, 0.33) | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0.3 | −0.27 (−1.23, 0.69) |
| VLDL-P (mmol)5 | 103 | 96 | 89 | 94 | −10 | −1 | −9.07 (−20.45, 2.30) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| VLDL size | 47 | 47 | 51 | 49 | 4 | 1 | 3.36 (1.18, 5.54)3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| LDL-P (mmol)5 | 1669.8 | 1659.8 | 1705.3 | 1640.8 | 74.2 | −8.3 | 82.52 (−35.58, 200.62) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| LDL size5 | 21.0 | 20.9 | 21.0 | 21.0 | −0.2 | 0.0 | −0.16 (−0.35, 0.03) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| HDL-P (mmol)5 | 31.6 | 29.9 | 33.2 | 32.4 | 1.6 | 3.1 | −1.51 (−4.16, 1.14) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| HDL size5 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.09) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
All values are means or means (95% CIs). METs, metabolic equivalent tasks; LDL-P, LDL particle number; HDL-P, HDL particle number; VLDL-P, VLDL particle number; DM-I and DM-C, women in the intervention and comparison groups in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, respectively; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); HDL2 and HDL3, HDL subfractions isolated by ultracentrifugation.
Significant difference, P < 0.001 (2-sample t test).
Significant difference, P < 0.05 (2-sample t test).
Geometric means reported at baseline and year 1.
Lipoprotein subfraction measures are from a case-control study in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Hormone Trial. Available at baseline for 209 women and at year 1 for 137 women from the WHI Dietary Modification Trial. Comparison of VLDL-P change at year 1 was adjusted for baseline VLDL-P. Changes in body weight were included as a covariate when computing the changes in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, and the results were nearly identical.