TABLE 4.
Changes (in mg/dL) in triglycerides (TGs) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) at year 1, by baseline demographic and dietary characteristics, in the intervention and comparison groups1
| Absolute change |
P value for interaction2 |
|||||||
| Intervention |
Comparison |
Absolute difference |
||||||
| Variable | TGs | HDL-C | TGs | HDL-C | TGs | HDL-C | TGs | HDL-C |
| Age at screening | 0.21 | 0.48 | ||||||
| 50–59 y | 5.7 ± 53.13 | −1.0 ± 9.1 | −0.2 ± 48.8 | 0.8 ± 8.4 | 5.89 (−0.64, 12.41)4 | −1.79 (−2.91, −0.67) | ||
| 60–69 y | 0.7 ± 58.1 | −0.6 ± 9.0 | 1.0 ± 52.6 | 1.2 ± 8.1 | −0.29 (−6.88, 6.31) | −1.76 (−2.78, −0.74) | ||
| 70–79 y | 3.8 ± 44.2 | 0.4 ± 8.4 | 3.1 ± 45.7 | 0.9 ± 8.5 | 0.67 (−8.96, 10..31) | −0.52 (−2.33, 1.29) | ||
| Race-ethnicity | 0.13 | 0.26 | ||||||
| White | 6.5 ± 60.3 | −1.7 ± 9.4 | 0.6 ± 54.1 | 0.6 ± 8.5 | 5.95 (−0.56, 12.47) | −2.28 (−3.30, −1.26) | ||
| Black | −2.0 ± 36.1 | 0.3 ± 8.2 | 2.2 ± 36.6 | 1.4 ± 8.1 | −4.13 (−9.77, 1.52) | −1.04 (−2.31, 0.22) | ||
| Hispanic | −2.0 ± 54.9 | 1.2 ± 8.6 | 5.8 ± 53.9 | 1.6 ± 7.4 | −7.82 (−21.18, 5.54) | −0.40 (−2.35, 1.55) | ||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 4.6 ± 55.3 | 0.5 ± 7.7 | −4.6 ± 50.4 | −0.8 ± 7.6 | 9.28 (−18.81, 37.37) | 1.34 (−2.75, 5.43) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 6.8 ± 58.7 | 0.6 ± 7.3 | −5.0 ± 61.0 | 1.8 ± 9.1 | 11.73 (−6.34, 29.80) | −1.24 (−3.77, 1.28) | ||
| Unknown | 2.4 ± 74.6 | −1.6 ± 12.8 | −12.8 ± 51.6 | 2.7 ± 7.3 | 15.25 (−21.98, 52.48) | −4.34 (−10.29, 1.61) | ||
| Obesity [BMI (in kg/m2) ≥ 30] | 0.52 | 0.007 | ||||||
| Yes | 2.1 ± 57.3 | 0.2 ± 9.3 | 1.4 ± 52.1 | 0.7 ± 7.7 | 0.75 (−6.02, 7.51) | −0.47 (−1.52, 0.57) | ||
| No | 4.2 ± 52.2 | −1.2 ± 8.6 | 0.6 ± 48.8 | 1.2 ± 8.7 | 3.56 (−1.85, 8.97) | −2.42 (−3.36, −1.48) | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 0.74 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Yes | −3.5 ± 69.7 | 1.2 ± 9.0 | −6.8 ± 62.0 | 2.0 ± 7.7 | 3.27 (−5.56, 12.10) | −0.74 (−1.84, 0.36) | ||
| No | 6.9 ± 42.8 | −1.6 ± 8.7 | 5.1 ± 41.5 | 0.4 ± 8.7 | 1.82 (−2.46, 6.09) | −2.08 (−2.97, −1.20) | ||
| Use of lipid-lowering medication | 0.53 | 0.45 | ||||||
| Yes | 10.4 ± 61.5 | 0.8 ± 10.9 | 2.9 ± 67.9 | 1.5 ± 9.4 | 7.51 (−9.81, 24.83) | −0.63 (−3.27, 2.02) | ||
| No | 2.4 ± 48.7 | −0.5 ± 8.6 | −0.7 ± 47.0 | 1.1 ± 8.1 | 3.05 (−1.37, 7.48) | −1.55 (−2.32, −0.77) | ||
| Diabetes (history or FG > 125 mg/dL) | 0.11 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Yes | 6.1 ± 56.1 | 1.6 ± 7.2 | −6.1 ± 58.8 | 1.5 ± 6.6 | 12.21 (−1.84, 26.26) | 0.14 (−1.52, 1.79) | ||
| No | 2.9 ± 53.9 | −0.9 ± 9.1 | 1.6 ± 47.6 | 0.9 ± 8.5 | 1.31 (−3.03, 5.64) | −1.83 (−2.58, −1.07) | ||
| Baseline TG | 0.48 | 0.06 | ||||||
| <108 mg/dL | 16.9 ± 27.1 | −1.7 ± 9.3 | 16.2 ± 27.8 | 0.5 ± 8.3 | 0.67 (−3 13, 4.48) | −2.20 (−3.41, −0.99) | ||
| 108 to <162 mg/dL | 8.1 ± 41.0 | −1.7 ± 8.0 | 5.3 ± 37.2 | 0.8 ± 8.6 | 2.81 (−2.71, 8.32) | −2.46 (−3.65, −1.26) | ||
| ≥162 mg/dL | −16.9 ± 77.6 | 1.7 ± 8.9 | −18.7 ± 68.8 | 1.7 ± 7.9 | 1.83 (−8.44, 12.11) | −0.02 (−1.20, 1.16) | ||
| Baseline HDL-C | 0.86 | 0.02 | ||||||
| <50 mg/dL | −4.1 ± 66.2 | 2.3 ± 8.1 | −6.0 ± 63.2 | 3.5 ± 7.1 | 1.94 (−7.16, 11.04) | −1.22 (−2.29, −0.16) | ||
| 50 to <64 mg/dL | 6.0 ± 45.4 | 0.3 ± 7.5 | 4.9 ± 44.1 | 0.9 ± 7.5 | 1.12 (−5.26, 7.49) | −0.59 (−1.66, 0.48) | ||
| ≥64 mg/dL | 8.2 ± 42.4 | −4.1 ± 9.6 | 3.9 ± 38.7 | −1.6 ± 9.3 | 4.27 (−1.34, 9.89) | −2.54 (−3.86, −1.22) | ||
| Baseline carbohydrates | 0.44 | 0.44 | ||||||
| <43.6% of energy | 0.6 ± 55.3 | −1.2 ± 8.6 | 1.6 ± 53.4 | 0.7 ± 8.4 | −0.99 (−8.67, 6.69) | −1.91 (−3.12, −0.70) | ||
| 43.6% to <49.0% of energy | 2.9 ± 56.3 | −0.3 ± 10.4 | 1.3 ± 45.3 | 1.1 ± 8.4 | 1.68 (−5.40, 8.75) | −1.47 (−2.78, −0.16) | ||
| ≥49.0% of energy | 5.6 ± 51.7 | −0.3 ± 7.8 | −0.3 ± 51.6 | 1.1 ± 8.0 | 5.86 (−1.35, 13.06) | −1.44 (−2.54, −0.33) | ||
| Baseline glycemic index | 0.72 | 0.93 | ||||||
| <51.8 | 4.6 ± 54.0 | −1.0 ± 8.1 | 2.0 ± 47.7 | 0.5 ± 8.5 | 2.60 (−4.45, 9.65) | −1.46 (−2.62, −0.30) | ||
| 51.8 to <54.6 | 4.1 ± 54.2 | −0.7 ± 9.9 | 1.7 ± 51.0 | 0.9 ± 8.4 | 2.42 (−4.41, 9.80) | −1.57 (−2.85, −0.29) | ||
| ≥54.6 | 0.3 ± 55.0 | −0.1 ± 8.7 | −1.0 ± 51.4 | 1.5 ± 7.9 | 1.32 (−6.22, 8.87) | −1.68 (−2.86, −0.50) | ||
| Baseline glycemic load | 0.84 | 0.16 | ||||||
| <76.3 | 5.9 ± 52.6 | −1.3 ± 8.5 | −0.6 ± 48.0 | 1.1 ± 8.1 | 6.51 (−0.67, 13.69) | −2.44 (−3.63, −1.25) | ||
| 76.3 to <111.0 | −1.2 ± 59.1 | −0.4 ± 10.0 | 2.4 ± 46.7 | 0.6 ± 8.7 | −3.60 (−10.87, 3.67) | −1.00 (−2.29, 0.29) | ||
| ≥111.0 | 5.0 ± 50.6 | −0.2 ± 8.1 | 0.9 ± 55.4 | 1.3 ± 8.0 | 4.10 (−3.39, 11.60) | −1.45 (−2.58, −0.31) | ||
| Baseline sugar | 0.71 | 0.34 | ||||||
| <18.8% of energy | 2.4 ± 61.0 | −1.1 ± 8.5 | 1.6 ± 52.6 | 1.0 ± 8.5 | 0.74 (−7.17, 8.66) | −2.02 (−3.22, −0.82) | ||
| 18.8% to <23.8% of energy | 3.8 ± 48.9 | −0.6 ± 8.8 | 1.7 ± 47.7 | 1.0 ± 8.3 | 2.07 (−4.78, 8.93) | −1.53 (−2.74, −0.32) | ||
| ≥23.8% of energy | 3.2 ± 52.3 | −0.2 ± 9.5 | −0.7 ± 49.9 | 1.0 ± 8.0 | 3.88 (−3.26, 11.02) | −1.25 (−2.46, −0.03) | ||
| Baseline fiber | 0.92 | 0.31 | ||||||
| <11.5 g | 4.2 ± 49.8 | −0.8 ± 10.1 | −1.3 ± 49.4 | 1.3 ± 8.1 | 5.56 (−1.62, 12.74) | −2.12 (−3.41, −0.84) | ||
| 11.5 to <16.8 g | 1.6 ± 59.3 | −0.2 ± 8.4 | 1.7 ± 45.9 | 0.8 ± 8.5 | −0.88 (−7.37, 7.21) | −0.94 (−2.14, 0.26) | ||
| ≥16.8 g | 3.5 ± 53.4 | −0.8 ± 8.3 | 2.4 ± 54.9 | 0.9 ± 8.3 | 1.15 (−6.35, 8.65) | −1.71 (−2.86, −0.56) | ||
| Baseline fat | 0.42 | 0.06 | ||||||
| <35.1% of energy | 4.2 ± 60.0 | −1.3 ± 8.3 | 1.0 ± 50.3 | 1.5 ± 8.6 | 3.12 (−4.52, 10.76) | −2.78 (−3.97, −1.59) | ||
| 35.1% to <39.7% of energy | 3.8 ± 52.2 | −0.7 ± 9.2 | 0.2 ± 50.5 | 0.7 ± 8.3 | 3.54 (−3.58, 10.67) | −1.33 (−2.55, -0.12) | ||
| ≥39.7% of energy | 1.1 ± 49.9 | 0.2 ± 9.2 | 1.3 ± 49.6 | 0.8 ± 7.9 | −0.20 (−7.39, 7.00) | −0.60 (−1.82, 0.63) | ||
| Baseline monounsaturated fat | 0.37 | 0.003 | ||||||
| <13.4% of energy | 5.2 ± 54.4 | −1.5 ± 8.6 | 2.7 ± 48.9 | 1.1 ± 8.2 | 2.50 (−4.64, 9.64) | −2.61 (−3.78, −1.44) | ||
| 13.4% to <15.3% of energy | 1.4 ± 57.8 | −1.1 ± 8.9 | −0.6 ± 52.4 | 1.4 ± 8.8 | 2.06 (−5.61 9.73) | −2.47 (−3.72, −1.23) | ||
| ≥15.3% of energy | 2.5 ± 50.3 | 0.9 ± 9.1 | 0.6 ± 48.8 | 0.5 ± 7.8 | 1.85 (−5.28, 8.99) | 0.46 (−0.74, 1.67) | ||
| Baseline saturated fat | 0.94 | 0.56 | ||||||
| <11.3% of energy | 1.7 ± 61.9 | −0.2 ± 9.2 | −0.4 ± 53.7 | 1.4 ± 8.4 | 2.08 (−5.96, 10.12) | −1.56 (−2.79, −0.32) | ||
| 11.3% to <13.3% of energy | 5.9 ± 47.1 | −0.6 ± 9.0 | 1.1 ± 45.5 | 0.8 ± 8.6 | 4.77 (−1.67, 11.22) | −1.43 (−2.65, −0.20) | ||
| ≥13.3% of energy | 1.5 ± 53.1 | −1.1 ± 8.4 | 1.8 ± 50.8 | 0.8 ± 7.9 | −0.30 (−7.74, 7.14) | −1.90 (−3.06, −0.73) | ||
| Baseline alcohol | 0.66 | 0.05 | ||||||
| 0 g/d | 1.5 ± 56.1 | −0.2 ± 8.8 | −1.9 ± 51.6 | 1.2 ± 8.4 | 3.44 (−2.75, 9.63) | −1.33 (−2.33, −0.34) | ||
| >0 to <1.2 g/d | 9.2 ± 52.1 | −0.6 ± 7.7 | 3.4 ± 51.2 | 1.7 ± 7.6 | 5.85 (−4.72, 16.41) | −2.30 (−3.87, −0.73) | ||
| ≥1.2 g/d | 2.8 ± 52.8 | −1.2 ± 9.6 | 3.7 ± 47.0 | 0.3 ± 8.4 | −0.97 (−7.83, 5.89) | −1.59 (−2.83, −0.35) | ||
1
FG, fasting glucose.
2
From linear regression models in which the change in lipoprotein is the dependent variable and independent variables include the demographic or dietary characteristic of interest, randomization assignment, and their interaction. Tests for interactions used the continuous form of the covariate except for race-ethnicity, obesity, metabolic syndrome, use of lipid-lowering medication, and diabetes.
3
Mean ± SD (all such values).
4
Mean; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).