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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2010 Jan;67(1):41–52. doi: 10.1002/ana.21798

Fig 4. Dietary energy restriction decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-10 in the brain.

Fig 4

Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (a) and IL-6 (c) levels were significantly increased in middle aged and old sham animals compared young sham animals. +++p<0.0001 compared with young sham animals. IF significantly reduced both TNF-α (a) and IL-6 (c) levels compared to AL-fed animals in all three age groups. ***p<0.0001 compared with AL sham animals. TNF-α (b) and IL-6 (d) levels were significantly decreased in middle aged and old I/R animals compared young I/R animals. ***p<0.0001 compared with young sham animals. IF animals also had decreased levels of TNF-α (b) and IL-6 (d) compared to AL-fed animals in all three age groups. ***p<0.0001 compared with IL-fed animals. (e, f) IL-1β levels were significantly decreased in both middle aged and old sham animals compared to young sham animals. ***p<0.0001 compared with young animals. (e, f) IF young animals had significantly reduced IL-1β levels compared to AL-fed young animals in sham and I/R groups. ***p<0.0001 compared with AL-fed young animals. (g, h) Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A levels were decreased with aging. Middle aged and old animals had significantly reduced IL-17A levels compared to young animals. ***p<0.0001 compared to young animals. IF animals had significantly increased levels of IL-17A compared to AL-fed animals in all aged group in sham animals and following cerebral I/R. ***p<0.0001 compared with AL-fed animals. (i, j) IL-10 levels were significantly increased with aging in middle aged and old animals compared to young animals. +++p<0.0001 compared to young animals. Young IF animals had significant increase in IL-10 in sham group *p<0.01 compared with AL-fed young sham animals) and young as well as old IF animals had significant increase in IL-10 following cerebral I/R compared to AL-fed I/R animals. ***p<0.0001 compared with AL-fed young and old I/R animals.