Table 1.

Baseline (week 0) participant characteristics and change on outcome variables from week 0 to 16

	Met+ADA	Pio+ADA	Pio+PC
n	16	14	18
Sex (male/female)	6/10	4/10	6/12
Race (percent white)	62.5	78.5	50
Age (years)	56.9 ± 2.0	59.2 ± 2.5	55.7 ± 2.4
Weight (kg)	97.8 ± 3.8	98.5 ± 3.4	95.3 ± 4.5
BMI (kg/m2)	36.4 ± 1.7	35.7 ± 1.7	34.3 ± 1.4
Waist circumference (cm)
Men	103 ± 5	109 ± 6	110 ± 7
Women	114 ± 5	113 ± 3	102 ± 4
A1C (percent)	6.0 ± 0.2	6.2 ± 0.2	6.4 ± 0.2
Glucose (mg/dl)	129 ± 6	140 ± 8	135 ± 5
Insulin (μU/ml)	18.8 ± 2.0	19.4 ± 1.8	18.8 ± 2.2
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance	2.73 ± 0.29	2.66 ± 0.22	2.72 ± 0.48
Total energy intake (kcal)	559 ± 80	462 ± 49	509 ± 50
Change from week 0 to week 16	52 ± 49a	207 ± 53*b	50 ± 46a
Ghrelin change after a meal (pg/ml), week 0	−54.2 ± 126.8	−102.9 ± 124.6	−18.1 ± 91.6
Ghrelin change after a meal (pg/ml), week 16†	−43.7 ± 93.7	−172.4 ± 107.2	−46.5 ± 112.2
Change from week 0 to week 16	11.4 ± 25.1a	−103.3 ± 27.6*b	−1.9 ± 24.9a
Eating inventory
Hunger	6.2 ± 1.0	5.9 ± 1.0	6.6 ± 0.8
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.6 ± 0.6a	0.1 ± 0.64a	−1.4 ± 0.58*a
Restraint	10.3 ± 0.9	9.0 ± 1.3	9.7 ± 1.2
Change from week 0 to week 16	1.8 ± 0.95ab	−0.8 ± 1.02a	4.0 ± 0.92*b
Disinhibition	7.6 ± 1.0	8.4 ± 1.0	8.9 ± 0.9
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.3 ± 0.64a	0.9 ± 0.68b	−1.5 ± 0.62*ab
Food-craving inventory
High fats	2.60 ± 0.18	2.10 ± 0.16	2.50 ± 0.12
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.25 ± 0.11*a	−0.19 ± 0.12a	0.01 ± 0.1a
Sweets	2.70 ± 0.20	2.30 ± 0.21	2.50 ± 0.17
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.20 ± 0.16a	−0.24 ± 0.17a	−0.25 ± 0.15a
Carbohydrates/starches	2.60 ± 0.23	2.20 ± 0.16	2.40 ± 0.12
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.17 ± 0.12a	−0.07 ± 0.12a	−0.13 ± 0.11a
Fast-food fats	2.80 ± 0.23	2.30 ± 0.13	2.40 ± 0.19
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.26 ± 0.14a	−0.22 ± 0.15a	−0.08 ± 0.13a
Fruits and vegetables	2.80 ± 0.25	2.20 ± 0.24	2.60 ± 0.15
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.20 ± 0.14a	−0.08 ± 0.15a	0.16 ± 0.13a
Total score	2.70 ± 0.18	2.20 ± 0.16	2.50 ± 0.10
Change from week 0 to week 16	−0.21 ± 0.1*a	−0.15 ± 0.11a	−0.07 ± 0.1a

Data are means ± SE. LS means ± SE, which are adjusted for baseline values, depict change on the outcome variables from week 0 to 16 and are included below the week 0 values.

*Change score differed significantly from 0 (P < 0.05). Lettered superscripts that differ indicate that those groups' change scores differed significantly from each other (P < 0.05).

†The suppression of ghrelin after a meal at week 0 and week 16 is included in the table.